Transcript Ethics powerpoint

Ethics
Three “random” chats
“knowing doing gap”
Categories
of normative sciences
• Logic — things that are true
• Aesthetics — things that are admirable
• Ethics — things that are good
Heroic figures in ethics
• Aristotle — definitions
• Kant — criteria
• Perry — personal
– versus communitarian
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Rawls — operational
Professional — liability
Habermas — dialogue
Küng — empirical
• Various schemes:
William Perry
• Levels of intellectual sophistication
• Ethical development
Dualism 1-3
• 1 Assumption of dualistic structure of world
taken for granted, unexamined
• 2 Truth exists, but not all authorities are
knowledgeable
• 3 Absolute truth has not been discovered,
yet
Multiplicity 4-6
• 4 Knowledge is not secure but is any
person’s
• 5 Knowledge is always changing or subject
to change
Commitment to realism 6-9
• 6 Knowledge is not something that is
external and definite but something that
each individual constructs
Initial commitment
• 7 Knowledge is the world view one has
constructed from learning and experience, along
with the ethical implications of this view
• 8 Knowledge is a creative resolution between
uncertainty and the need to act
• 9 Individual must break through to new
perspectives and discard those no longer useful
Perry summary
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9 levels
1-3 absolute
4-~6 relative
~6-9 personal
Professional ethics
• Avoiding legal problems
• Privacy, permission
Purpose
• Ends
• Means
• Rationalisable
– E.g., historical, economic
• Objective/subjective
Ethics v meta-ethics
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Environmental ethics
Sadism
Marxism (ideology & false consciousness)
Feminism
Hedonism
Virtue ethics
Utilitarianism
continued…
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Deontology
Consequentialism
Situation ethics
Monism v pluralism
Utilitarianism
Virtue ethics
continued…
• Relativism
• Absolutism
– Universalism
– Realism
– Absolutism (Perry position 1!)
• Machiavelli
– Private
– Public
HCI stances
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Standards IS09471
User’s task
Usability
Cost-effectiveness
Metrics. Empirical
Design
Enjoyment
‘Usability’ as applied ethics
• Kant’s categorical imperative
• Reciprocity
– Help lines?
– Bug reports?
– User participation? (evaluation…)
Kant
• Criterion
• Some ‘nice’ principles
– E.g., reciprocity, universalisability
Küng’s 6 rules
• Solving problems: don’t create greater
problems
• Burden of proof: demonstrate avoids
human or environmental damage
• Common good: e.g., benefits the
community, for a period
• Urgency: e.g., survival more important
than privacy
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• Ecology: system more important than
individuals
• Reversibility: system must be reversible,
removable, not cause dependency
Post-marxist critical theory
• One dimensional man (Marcuse)
– “I shop therefore I am”
• Atomised (Lyotard)
– What is choice/democracy when you have
500 channels of TV?
What I want
• Operational ethics
• Bridge ‘knowing-doing gap’
Justice
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Distributive
Restorative
Punitive
Political
Aristotle’s view
• Doing good for others
• Only virtue you can’t fake
Justice by programming
• Fair chocolate bar
John Rawls
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Justice
Veil of ignorance
Creating a just world
Creating a just system
Conclusions
• Ethics v politics
• CS is politics
• Get involved!
Next lecture — Thursday 2pm
An ethical debate on tags and tagging
Where from?
• Communitarian
• Individual
• Artificial