Transcript chapters_1_and_2

Chapters1 & 2
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
All rights reserved.
1
 An
 The
argument
conclusion
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All rights reserved.
2
 The
premise (or premises)
 Using
fallacies
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3
A. One only
B. More than one
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4
A. One only
B. More than one
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5
Claim
A Statement, true or
false, that expresses
an opinion or belief.
Conclusion
In an argument, the claim for
which a premise is supposed
to give a reason. Usually we
use the word ‘therefore’ which
ordinarily indicates the
presence of the conclusion of
an argument.
Argument
An attempt to support
or prove a claim by
providing a reason for
accepting it.
Premises
The claim in an argument that
provide the reasons for believing
the conclusion. Usually we use the
word ‘because’ which ordinarily
indicates the presence of the
premise of an argument.
Fallacy
An argument in which the reasons
advanced for a claim fail to warrant
acceptance of that claim.
(More of fallacies on chapter 6)
Critical Thinking
The careful application of
reasoning the determination of
the truth of a claim.
Issue: a question that’s been raised when a
claim is called into question.
YES!!!!
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7

Subjective judgment: its truth
depends on what you think; if you
think it is true, it’s true for you,
and you can’t be mistaken.

Objective judgment: its truth
depends on objective fact, not on
what you think.
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8

A value judgment judges the merit or
desirability of someone or something.

Moral value judgment: a claim that expresses a
moral or ethical evaluation of something.

Rhetoric: Language that is psychologically
persuasive but does not have extra logical force.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
Argument
Argument vs. explanation
Premise
Conclusion (person’s opinion of an issue)
Issue
Objective/Subjective
Value judgment
Moral/ethical value judgment
Interesting philosophical question: Are moral/ethical
value judgments objective?
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10
“Valid” just means: not possible for the
premise to be true and the conclusion to be
false.
To prove the conclusion, the premise of
the valid argument must be TRUE!
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
An argument is SOUND if it is valid, and its premise
(or premises) are true.

A sound argument PROVES / DEMONSTRATES
the conclusion.
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



A DEDUCTIVE argument attempts to prove a
conclusion.
It is VALID if it is impossible for the premise to
be false and the conclusion to be true.
If it is valid and the premise is true, it is
SOUND.
A sound argument PROVES the conclusion.
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©
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uca
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This premise doesn’t prove the conclusion. But it
supports it.
When we try to SUPPORT a conclusion, we use
INDUCTION.
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©
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Two kinds of logic:
The logic of proof—DEDUCTION
The logic of support—INDUCTION.
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©
20
09
Mc
Gr
aw
Hill
Hig
her
Ed
uca
tio
n.
All
rig
hts
res
erv
ed.


An argument is VALID if it isn’t possible for the
premise to be true and the conclusion to be false.
If the premise IS true and the argument is valid, the
conclusion has been PROVED, and the argument is
SOUND.
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

An argument SUPPORTS a conclusion if it makes the
conclusion more likely.
The more likely it makes the conclusion, the
STRONGER the argument.
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