Transcript Power Point - TeacherWeb

Memory & Thought
Memory
• The encoding of specific information or
skills in the brain allowing for later use
• 3 parts to memory
• Taking Info In (Input)
• Storing Info (Processing)
• Retrieving Info (Output)
Part 1: Input
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We get information through our senses.
Senses transmit information constantly.
All senses compete for our attention.
Brain has physical structures to limit
sensory input.
• Mind has two mechanisms that allow us to
do this too
Cross Section of the Brain
Reticular Activating System
• Alerts higher brain to
incoming sensory
input
• Prioritizes sensory
input so “most
important”
information gets in
Selective Attention
• The ability to pick and choose from
sensory inputs.
• We choose based on 3 concepts:
• Novelty: Notice new or unusual.
• Need: Notice things that we need.
• Interest: Notice what is personally
interesting.
Feature Extraction
• Ability to focus on details of a stimuli.
• Distinguishing faces
• Scanning a page for a certain word
Part 2: Storage
• Based on time
• Sensory Storage: length of time a person
holds onto a stimuli
• Short-term: Items that are held onto for 20
seconds to a couple minutes
• Average person can hold 7 items in short
term memory
Mnemonics
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Tools to aid memory
Chunking/Grouping
Rhymes/Rhythms
Associations: Relating items to familiar
items
• Visualization
Rehearsal
• Does practice makes perfect?
• Perfect practice makes perfect
• Maintenance Rehearsal: Repetition of
information to keep it in working memory
with no further analysis
• Elaborative Rehearsal Repetition of
information with deeper analysis often
leading to transfer to long-term memory
Long-term Memory
• Items held from a few minutes through the
rest of your “Healthy” life (Alzheimer’s).
• Makes us who we are, the sum of all of
our experiences and learning
Output
• Recall: Retrieval without cues or hints
• Confabulation: Filling in the gaps of
memory with what you “think” happened.
NOT lying, mind truly believes it happens
this way.
• Eidetic Memory: Photographic memory,
absolute recall of detail using images in
the mind.
• Recognition: The ability to retrieve
information with cues and hints
• Multiple Choice, Matching
• Reintegration: Ability to retrieve info by
going through stimuli that came before it.
• Song/poem lyrics
• Association: Ability to retrieve information
by being exposed to the stimuli that is
paired with it.
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Ernie and Bert
BLT
PB & J
We will, We will Rock You
Bernie and Phyll’s Quality Comfort and
price, That’s nice
• America runs on Dunkin’
• 1-800-54- Giant
• Subway . . . Eat Fresh
Output Difficulties
• Oral: difficulty or inability to speak or make
coherent sounds
• CP, Stuttering, Deafness, Loss of voice
• Text to speech programs, sign language
• Written: difficulty or inability with writing
• Neuromuscular: CP/MD, birth defects,
amputees
• Speech to text programs, oral exams
One word makes life for those
with output problems easier:
Technology
Peg System
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1  Bun
2  Shoe
3  Tree
4  Door
5  Hive
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6  Sticks
7  Heaven
8  Gate
9  Vine
10 Hen
Loci
• Founded by the Greeks
• Used a mental walk with fixed landmarks
that the person makes visual associations
with
• As each landmark is passed the next part
of the speech is given.
Introducing Mr. DiPietro
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Landmarks
Start in 3220 head down Math corridor
Take right at stairs
Pass alternate band room
Pass trophy case
Enter Auditorium
So long as my route stays the same, my
introduction will remain the same.
Memory Classified by Purpose
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Endel Tulving
Semantic Memory
Language
Knowledge shared with others
Episodic Memory
Memory of one’s own life
Specific and unknowable to others unless
shared
• L.R. Squires
• Declarative Memory: Knowledge can be
called forth when needed
• Procedural Memory: Memory of learned
skills
• The easier to perform the skill, the harder
it is to explain.
• Tying shoes
Memory Disorders
Alzheimer’s Disease
• Disorder discovered by Alois Alzheimer in
1907
• A progressive degenerative condition
where the brain begins to deteriorate and
what is stored there is lost.
• As brain cells die they form holes as more
holes develop the disease gets worse.
3 Stages of Alzheimer’s
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Stage 1
Loss of short term memory
Misplace keys or names
People mark these as senior moments
which delays diagnosis
Stage 2
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Disorientation to time and place
Lose ability to perform simple tasks
Mood disturbances/Personality Changes
Judgment problems
Stage 3
• Lose ability to care for oneself
• Language becomes incoherent
• Eventually Death
Issues With Alzheimer’s
• Puts tremendous strain on families who
have to take care of their parents
• Can be doing this for upwards of 10 years
• Baby Boom and longer life span means
more people will develop this disorder and
live with it for a longer period of time.
• Tremendous drain on resources
Problems For the Future
• Number of cases could jump to 16 million
cases by 2050
• Not enough infrastructure to care for all of
these cases.
• Not enough money to pay for it right now.
Is it Treatable?
• In stages 1 & 2 there are medications to
slow down the rate of progression
• This is why early detection is important
• There is nothing to stop it in stage 3
Is There Anything I Can Do?
• Stay mentally active
• Diet and exercise
Amnesia
• Refers to the partial or complete loss of
memories.
• Various types by cause and loss of
memory
Anterograde Amnesia
• Difficulty forming new memories
• Does not affect previous memories
• Caused by injury to the head
Retrograde Amnesia
• Difficulty remembering items prior to
incident
• Usually get memories back over time but
may never remember moments before
incident
Traumatic Amnesia
• Caused by blunt force trauma to head
• Often from auto accidents (2 million per
year)
• 10-15% of boxers have some sort of
memory loss due to head injuries
• Cause loss of consciousness or coma
• Can cause either retro or anterograde
Hysterical Amnesia
• Memory loss due to intense psychological
trauma
• Memories usually return through Triggers:
A sensory input that prompts a portion of
the repressed memory.
• Once issue is dealt with memories return
though memory of event may be
incomplete
• Generally causes Retrograde Amnesia
Korsakoff’s Psychosis
• Memory loss due to severe long term
abuse of alcohol
• Language issues (Stories and Names)
• Pictorial issues ( Faces and Patterns)
• Neuro-motor Issues (Uncoordinated
movements and loss of feeling in digits)
• Progressive disorder
• Once symptoms occur it is generally too
late to halt it.
Repression
• Freud’s theory
• The blocking of individual memories and
experiences too painful to deal with.
• Ego’s defense mechanism
• Event still impacts our personality until
acknowledged and dealt with
Stroke
• Caused by bursting blood vessels in brain
stops blood and oxygen from reaching the
brain
• Whichever side the stroke is on will affect
the opposite physical side of the body
• Aphasia: Inability to use language due to
stroke
• The severity of the stroke depends on how
long the brain is without blood and oxygen.
Interference
• When information obstructs retrieval of
other information
• Proactive: Old memory blocks storage of
new memory (Cannot remember new
phone number)
• Retroactive: New memory blocks retrieval
of old memories (Applications not
remembering previous jobs)
The 5 Units of Thought
• Image: a mental representation usually not
exact, it tends to focus on a particular
attribute of subject
• Symbol: a stimuli made to represent a
specific thing.
• Symbols may have more than one meaning.
Concept
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Group of something with symbol
Car, animal, tree
All stimuli are not new
Concepts allow us to chunk information
Prototype
• The overarching
symbol for a concept.
• Imagine a car
Does it look like mine?
Prototypes are personal.
Not everything with 4 wheels is a car.
Prototypes allow us to compare a new stimuli
and see what concept it fits with
Rule
• Relationship between concepts.
• Two pieces of matter can not occupy the
same space at the same time.
• What goes up must come down
• The whole is never greater than the sum
of its parts.
Types of Thinking
Convergent Thinking
• Strategic, Logical, Goal Oriented
• Allows us to come to a single solution
Divergent Thinking
• “Free” thinking
• Day dreaming, relaxing
• Artists/scientists inspiration
Metacognition
• The strategic thinking about previous
thinking and strategies with the goal of
assessing its effectiveness
• Thinking about thinking
• Anytime you change strategy you are
metacognating
Algorithm vs. Heuristic
• Algorithm Step-by-step process of trial and
error guaranteeing a solution
• Heuristic “Rule-of-thumb” shortcuts to
arrive at a solution quickly not guaranteed
of success
• GHYPOSLCO
• PSYCHOLOGY
• XBAJNGIAN
• BANJAXING
Problem Solving
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Step 1: Identify the problem
Step 2: Decide if the problem is old or new
If it is old, you use your Mental Set
A familiar strategy for solving a problem
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If The Problem is New . . .
• Creativity: Use info in a new way
• Rigidity: Inability to imagine a new function
or fixed idea or perception
• Flexibility: Ability to overcome rigidity
• Recombination: Old elements recombined
into something new
• Insight: Sudden realization or solution to a
problem
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
Jean Piaget
• Swiss biologist
• Originally studied
Mollusks
• Learned by
observation of
children
• Believed that children
reached levels and
prior to that cannot
function at that level
regardless of
intelligence
Sensorimotor Stage
• Birth  2 Years
• Child begins building concepts of reality
through physical interaction with the
environment
• Put everything in their mouth
• No concept of Object Permanence: if they
can’t see it, it isn’t there (Peek-a-boo).
Preoperational Stage
• 2  7 years old
• Child cannot reason abstractly
• All explanations must have concrete
physical situations
• Using pennies for math, counting on their
fingers
• For example
Concrete Operations
• 7  11 years old
• Child begins building abstract logical
structures to represent concrete physical
world
• Don’t use fingers in counting
• Start doing abstract problems and
understanding abstract concepts
Formal Operations
• 11  15 years old
• As child moves into teenage years their
logical and abstract thinking begins to
resemble an adults
• Able to go “deeper” into topics
• History