Transcript Memory
Ch 7
Memory
Process by which we recollect prior experiences and
information/skills learned in the past
3 Kinds of Memory
Ways to classify memory
Episodic Memory: memory of a specific event
Flashbulb memory: EXTEMELY detailed memory
Reasons for flashbulb memories
Semantic Memory: general knowledge people
remember
Don’t usually remember when acquired info
Implicit Memory: skills
3 Processes of Memory
Encoding: translation of info into form that can be
stored
First stage of processing info
Storage: maintenance of encoded information over a
period of time
Second stage of processing info
Maintenance rehearsal: repeating over and over
Elaborative rehearsal: relating to info you already know well
Organizational system
Not without errors
Retrieval: locating stored information and returning it
to conscious thought
Context-dependent memory: easier to remember
something when back in the same context as when
memory was originally created
State-dependent memory: retrieve memories when they
are in the same emotional state they were in when first
made memory
Also better when in same state of consciousness
On-the-tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: come close to
retrieving info but can’t seem to verbalize
“feeling of knowing”
3 Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory: immediate, initial recording of
information that enters through our senses
Memory trace of a visual stimulus held in our sensory
memory decays within a second
If want to remember, must do something with it
Sensory registers: all our senses have these
Eidetic Imagery (photographic memory)
Short-Term Memory (AKA: Working Memory)
If pay attention to iconic and echoic memories you can
transfer them into short-term memory
Whenever you’re thinking of something, it’s in your shortterm memory
Info fades rapidly after several seconds
To remember it longer, need to keep rehearsing or take steps to
prevent it from fading
Usually better to encode info as sounds
Primacy/Recency Effects
Remember things at the start/end of a list better than the middle
Chunking: organize info into familiar/manageable units
Interference: new info appears it takes the place of what’s
already there
Bridge between sensory memory and long-term memory
Long-Term Memory
Final stage of memory
Have to take steps to store into long-term memory
Mechanical Repetition: maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal: relate to prior knowledge
We don’t know the capacity of memory
Memory is Reconstructive
Reconstruct our memories and tend to shape them
according to the personal and individual ways we view
the world
Tend to remember things in accordance with our
beliefs and needs
Put our own personal stamp on our memories
Schemas: mental representations of the world
Organized bits of information and knowledge shaped by
our outlook on the world
Forgetting and Memory
Improvement
Forgetting: can occur at any of the 3 stages
Basic Memory Tasks:
Recognition: identifying objects/events that have been
encountered before
Easiest memory task
Multiple choice questions on test
Recall: bringing back to the working memory
Reconstruct it in your mind
Relearning: sometimes we don’t remember things we
once knew but it’s much easier to learn again
Different Kinds of Forgetting
Decay: fading away of memory
Repression: forget on purpose without knowing we are
doing it to protect ourselves from disturbing memories
Amnesia: severe memory loss
Infantile amnesia: forgetting early events in life
Anterograde amnesia: memory loss from trauma that
prevents a person from forming new memories
Retrograde amnesia: people forget period leading up to
traumatic event
Improving Memory
Drill and Practice: going over info again and again
Relate to Things You Already Know: prior knowledge
must be well known to remember new info better
Form Unusual Associations: even humorous so that
info stands out from ordinary things and can be
recalled easier
Construct Links: another form of elaborative rehearsal
Use Mnemonic Devices: systems for remembering info
Ex: HOMES