Transcript memory

2017 Cognition and memory
Good articles:
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2006/04/kaavya_syndrome.html
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/02/04/271527934/our-brains-rewrite-our-memories-putting-present-in-the-past
http://www.ted.com/talks/steve_ramirez_and_xu_liu_a_mouse_a_laser_beam_a_manipulated_memory?language=en
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/06/02/318104637/bursts-of-light-create-memories-then-take-them-away
Assumptions
• The Cognitive perspective revolves around the notion that if we
want to know what makes people tick then the way to do it is to
figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds. That
is ‘the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired.’
• They believe the S/R connections is inadequate, and are interested
the variables that intervene between stimulus/input and
response/output (the mind). These mental processes are called
mediators.
• Assumption is that the mental frameworks should be studied
• Assumption is that there can be different models for how we do
things such as memory, language, thinking and attention.
• We will only focus on memory and thinking, and if we have time
preception
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Pictures
Task two
Task three memory—read first
Task four: letters
Task five: numbers
Task six: words
1. pictures
2. The Seven Dwarfs
7 Dwarfs
• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy,
Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy,
Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy,
Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.
• Most likely to least likely: Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy,
Happy, Doc and Bashful
3. Memory test
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4—I’m sure I heard the word
3—I think I heard the word
2—I think the word is new
1—I’m sure the word is new
1. eye
6. pain
2. pin
7. thimble
3. point
8. haystack
4. hurt
9. thread
5. syringe
10. needle
11. prick
12. showing
13. sewing
14. injection
15. knitting
Oliver Sacks and Clive Wearing
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw&feature=related
The Abyss by Oliver Sacks
Terms you must know
• Herpes encephalitis
• Confabulation
• Semantic memory
• Procedural memory
• Explicit memory
Hippocampus and Frontal lobes
Retrograde amnesia
Episodic memory
Implicit memory
Milner and HM
• Please answer the following with clear, detailed paragraphs (about ½ page
each I would say)
• Q1. Explain the quote “a tiny platform…above the abyss.” That is, how
does Wearing survive? Does Sacks think he is faking memories from the
past (that is memories of WWII, churches, the queen, etc.)
• Q2. If he has Retrograde Amnesia how does he recognize his wife—
connect to the Edouard Claparede example.
• Q3. When Wearing is playing the game with the license plates, he makes
up a license plate for John Major, “John Major Vehicle,” If he cannot create
new memories after 1967 and Major was a prime minister in the 1990s—I
mean…what gives—try and explain.
• Q4. A. How can he still play the piano? B. And is being a musician that
simple (end of article???) Explain.
HM Brief History
• William Penfield (1969) electrical stimulation of the brain:
Mapping of the brain: 2:00-3:00
Walter Freeman and William Scoville
H.M Basics
1. 1950s surgery, epilepsy,
temporal lobes.
2. Cost was Anterograde
amnesia (really??). But
also little more specific
in that he could not form
new memories?
3. Brenda Milner
HM and weird reenactment thing
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Symptoms:
HM could not learn his way to
the bathroom.
He would read and reread a
story and still see it as fresh.
After eight years he could not
find his way home from more
than a distance of 2 blocks
1980 he moved to a nursing
home (he was 54) and would
claim he was in 1953 and aged
27.
Memory seemed to last about
15 minutes.
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HM Problem?
STM or working memory OK
Could remember events
before accident
Seems to be missing the
ability to make long term
memories
Suggested we have two
memories??
Test: Mirror star and Tower of
Hanoi—result.
What did the tests show?
1. Declarative memory (Explicit) is the ability to
actually “declare” specific pieces of
information. Content, facts , things like that.
2. Procedural memory (Implicit) is basic
procedures such as learning to ride a bike, drive
a car, they focus on the skill of something.
3. What is the point?—It seems that HM’s
procedural memory was fine although he did
not know it as his declarative memory was not
functioning.
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What is the significance of these ideas?
That we have different types of memory
That memories are unreliable
That memories are associated with certain
sections of the brain, but they do overlap—not
clear part of the brain does specifically one
thing
That there are different forms of amnesia and
even when people have the same type they will
show great diversity of symptoms
Causes great emotion damage and greatly
effects ability to function every day.
Types of LTM memory
Type of Memory Content
Organization
Retrieval
process
Episodic
Events,
Experiences
Time-based
High Effort
Semantic
(Declarative)
Facts, Concepts Cognitive
Schemata
Low effort
Procedural
Actions,
Processes
Automatic
Activities
• Procedural (a manner of processing) memory:
This memory stores the basic “how to”
information, skills and how to perform them.
How to drive a car, how to play cards, etc. Clive
Wearing?
• Semantic memory: Involves general
knowledge—facts and figure of the world. What
is the capital of London, how far is it to Pullman,
etc.
• Episodic (personal experiences) memory: This is
memory that deals with personal experience.
What happened at the prom, witnessing the car
crash of a friend, etc.
David Meyers (349-352) Read the sections first and then take notes—please do
not look at the simple definitions and this is academic suicide.
1.
Define memory, flashbulb memories, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
2.
Please draw the 3 box model of memory that is presented in the book,
including the section on working memory.
3.
What are some of the problems with the model?
4.
Describe working memory?
5.
Describe implicit and explicit memory and significance of Hippocampus
and cerebellum (367-9)
6.
Describe mood-congruent memories (374)
7.
Describe state dependent memory, go on guess, go on, go on…
David Meyers (361-363): Please describe:
1.
Sensory memory and weird iconic and echoic memory)
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Working/short-term memory
3.
Long-term memory
4.
Describe how memories are stored in the brain (364)
Define memory, flashbulb memories, encoding,
storage, and retrieval.
Q1. Memory (a definition): The
retention and use of prior
knowledge. We remember
information by
• Recall: the active retrieval of
information.
• Recall involves A. Generating possible
targets of information and B.
identification of the right
information.
• Recognition involves identifying the
right information from a generated
list
• Flashbulb memories: A clear memory
of a significant event. Encoding:
getting information into memory
• Storage: Retention of encoded
information
• Retrieval: The process of getting
information out of memory
• 7 Dwarfs:
• Average memory (recall and
recognition) without list, 3
• Average memory (recognition)
with list, 6
Q2. 3 Box model of memory--beware
rehearsal
Encoding/retrieval
Decay
Displacement
Loss
Q3. Problems with model?
• Alan Turing—AI
• Based on the idea of the computer, computer is sequential
modeling but human mind often performs tasks using parallel
processing, that is, tasks are simultaneously processed
• Competing models
• Does not explain forgetting, false memory, mood congruent
memory, déjà vu, etc., etc.
• Like all models it is too simple
Q4. STM/ Working memory
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STM generally can hold information for
about 15 seconds (retention) and
information will be lost, rehearsed, or
encoded to long term memory.
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George Miller and the Magic number 7
plus or minus 2. STM has a capacity for
seven pieces of information one can get can
get more info by chunking. Stringing
together large pieces of information.
Chunking:
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Period 2 (8.7 Vs 12.5)
Period 5 (9.6 Vs 14.7)
STM
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Period 2: 5.2
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Period 5: 5.7
Q5. Describe implicit and explicit memory and
significance of Hippocampus and cerebellum (367-9)
• Implicit: unconscious
learning/procedural
• Explicit: conscious memory
• Hippocampus: it plays a role in the
creation of explicit memories,
• Paired ( you have 2)
• Names and faces
• Spatial mnemonics
• Memory of streets
• hippocampus damage and
memory loss.
• Sleep
• Also memory associated with
frontal and temporal lobes.
• memories are not in one place.
• The cerebellum: associated with
storing implicit/procedural
memories.
• So some skill will not be learned,
such as learning to anticipate and
respond to eye-puffs, this done in
Rabbits.
• Infancy but cannot recall it later.
Q6 Describe mood-congruent
memories
• Gordon Bower Mood congruent
memories: memory is generally
better if one creates a replicate of the
situation in which the learning took
place.
• Must have the same internal and
external state.
• Basically manipulated the mood of
the subjects by hypnosis—change the
internal state. Again, used the idea of
hypnosis which I have problems with.
• He made some happy and some sad
at the time they learned their words.
• Results:
• Learned happy: about 80% recall
if in a happy mood and about 40%
when sad
• Learned sad: about 80% recall if
sad and less than 50% when
happy.
• Same state, better memory
• different state, worse memory
• (Godden and Baddeley, 1975)
• Scuba gear and learned words both in
the water and out—got the same
type of results as Bower
• (Lewinson and Rosenbaum, 1987)
studied people over a large period
and came to the conclusion that a
state of depression dictated
memories of parents
• (Luchins and Luchins, 1950, 1959)
mindlessness :why it is a better idea
to take a break from tasks that are
difficult.
• A holds 21 cup, B holds 127 and C 3.
The goal is to figure out how to get
100.
• Another one: A holds 14, B 36 and C 8
Questions is to get 6.
Q7. Describe state dependent memory, go on
guess, go on, go on…
• Essentially recalling a memory depending what state of
consciousness we are in. States include:
• natural (sleeping, daydreaming, drowsiness)
• hypnosis, meditation, etc.)
• Gives the example of being drunk and memory.
1. Sensory memory and weird iconic and
echoic memory
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Iconic: fleeting photographic
memory—milliseconds
• Echoic: Have a 3 or 4
unconscious memory of last
auditory—can go as high as 10
seconds
Working/short-term memory
• 7plus or minus 2 and 15
seconds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkn3wRyb9Bk
3. Long Term Memory
LTM can hold information for large
periods of time—years at a time
(retention). And the capacity is that
it is potentially unlimited
4. Describe how memories are
stored in the brain (364)
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William Penfield (1969)
not happening man
Not in one part of the
brain
Not really sure how it is
stored
Interference with
memory, changes
memory??
Physical memory trace
decay—getting old?
Add on Storing and retrieving Q4
• Encoding is the process of using working to get information into LTM,
• Storage is the retention of information in LTM.
• Rehearsal/relearning: Improved memory by reviewing—an example is a foreign language that is not
practiced but that will improve with review. Mentions Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909 and his
forgetting curve
• The amount remembers depends on the amount learned.
• That time greatly affect memory
• Over learning helps
• Also that we learn better if the rehearsal of information is spaced out
• Tip of Tongue Phenomena (when retrieval response does not produce a complete response—but
produces parts that must be put together as a whole
• Serial position effect: We tend to remember the first and last items in a list best. Also the Von Restorff
effect, items that stand out because of association will be remembered better.
• Self-referencing effect: (this is actually a form of encoding that is better than the other 3) If we are able to
associate learned material with our own individual identity, we will remember it better.
Encoding
• Automatic processing: Some encoding is automatic, time
space, procedures, etc
• Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and
concentration
• Semantic encoding: coding for meaning
• Acoustic encoding meaning for sound
• Visual encoding meaning for vision
Forgetting
• Pro-active interference: old learning (past experience) interferes with new learning
(remembering something learned more recently). The first dance you learned was
the Fox trot, this interferes with learning the steps for the Tango.
• Retroactive interference: New learning (new experiences) interferes with old
memories (past experiences).
• PORN
• Anterograde memory. Difficulty remembering events from the time of the trauma
on.
• Infantile Amnesia: very common—forget events that happens when we are very
young. Many people claim to have anchors to help them with these memories such
as siblings being born when they are, say, 2 years old—but these memories are rather
dodgy. Generally we can remember little of our lives before the age of 3.5-5.
• Retrograde Amnesia: Lose memory of events prior to whatever trauma. Happens a
lot say in football games, etc., but minor. In more severe cases people lose memory
for years before and learn the memory from the least recent to the most recent—but
takes time
Korsakoff’s syndrome:
Elizabeth House, Upstreet
• Residential care home for adults under 65 with dementia
resulting from Korsakoff's Syndrome, acquired brain injury
and other related conditions.
• This is an ailment that
is associated with
alcoholism
• Similarities, with
Anterograde
memory—inability to
form new memories.
• But confabulation is
interesting--filling in
the gaps with stories
that explain the lack of
ability to tell where
they were.
Reconstructed memory:
• Repression: Freudian idea that we unconsciously bury/hide
memories (especially ones we are ashamed of) and they can
only be recalled, generally, with a therapist.
• Presupposition: that is a “condition that must be true in order
for the question to make sense.” Essentially background.
• Misinformation effect: misremember—remember other
details, create a different memory.
Fun Facts
• 63.0% of the people agreed with the statement: "Human
memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the
events we see and hear so that we can review and inspect them
later."
• 100% of the experts disagreed with this statement.
• 54.6% of the people agreed with the statement: "Hypnosis is
useful in helping witnesses accurately recall details of crimes."
• 87.6% of the experts disagreed with this statement.
• 77.5% of the people agreed with the statement: "People
generally notice when something unexpected enters their field of
view, even when they're paying attention to something else."
• 81.2% of the experts disagreed with this statement.
• 47.6% of the people agreed with the statement: “Once you
have experience an event and formed a memory of it, that
memory does not change."
• 93.8% of the experts disagreed with this statement.
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Reference: Simons, D.J. and Chabris, C.F. What People Believe about How Memory Works: A Representative Survey of the
U.S. Population. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22757. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022757, 2011.
Elizabeth Loftus and memory Intro
• http://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_the_fiction_of_m
emory.html
• Memory task 3:
• List of words
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First word, thread
Last word, pain
Middle word, point
No word, needle
31/34 (sure, 4, or think, 3, heard the word)
27/34 (sure or think)
19/34 (sure of think, 7 sure)
20/34 (sure of think, 14 sure)
Recovered memories
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhZjxkaCkzk
Recovered memories Cont.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsXoVYDL_gs
Elizabeth Loftus 1975
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Please take notes on:
Introduction
Theoretical propositions (hypothesis)
Experiments 1,2,3&4
Discussions
Recent Applications
Conclusions