Transcript Memory
Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Recall vs. Recognition Recall • You must retrieve the information from your memory. • Fill-in-the blank or essay tests. Recognition • You must identify the target from possible targets. • Multiple-choice tests. Retrospective vs. Prospective Memory • Retrospective memory involves things from the past (i.e. events, people). • Prospective memory - involves things you have to do in the future (i.e. remembering to email your college application). The Memory Process Three step process… 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Three Box Model of Memory Encoding Getting the information into our heads!!!! Sensory Memory • A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. • Iconic Memory: a brief visual memory. • Echoic Memory: a brief auditory memory. Two ways to encode information: • Automatic Processing • Effortful Processing Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • You encode space, time and word meaning without effort. • Things can become automatic with practice. Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic. Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve • Hermann Ebbinghaus. • The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning! Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!! Take out a piece of paper….. • Number from 1-44 on your paper. • Name all of the U.S. Presidents. The Presidents Washington J.Adams Taylor Fillmore Harrison Cleveland Eisenhower Kennedy Jefferson Madison Monroe Pierce Buchanan Lincoln McKinley T.Roosevelt Taft L.Johnson Nixon Ford JQ Adams Jackson Van Buren Harrison A.Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Tyler Polk Arthur Cleveland F.D.Roosevelt Bush Jr. Truman Obama Serial Position Effect • Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list. Presidents Recalled If we graph what an average person remembers from the presidential list- it would probably look something like this. Encoding Information • Primacy Effect (1st things on a list) • Recency Effect (last things on a list) Encoding exercise Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words. •Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. •Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM • Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Mnemonic devices: (memory aids) (like the “method of loci”). • Link Method http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NROe gsMqNc • Rehearsal: repetition, repetition, etc. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 “Foolish Moms Smoke POT." Short-Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory memory goes to STM. • Holds about 7 (+ or - 2) items for about 20 seconds. • We recall random digits better than random letters. • Info unrehearsed will decay in about 12 seconds. Storage How we retain the information we encode. Long-Term Memory • We have yet to find the limit of our long-term memory. • For example, Rajan Mahadevan was able to recite 31,811 digits of pi. • At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day. Long-Term Memory • Unlimited storehouse of information. • It can last days, months, or years. Types of Long-Term Memory Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories (events). • Semantic Memories (facts). Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories (skills). • Conditioned Memories. Types of Long Term Memory Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation: • Is the long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons. • In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory. • When learning occurs, more serotonin is released into the synapses. The Hippocampus • Is involved in storing explicit memories. • Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. • Often leads to some form or amnesia. • The Cerebellum is involved in storing implicit memories. Anterograde Amnesia • A loss of the ability to create new memories; while longterm memories remain intact. • Usually caused by damage to the hippocampus. • Can be caused by alcohol intoxication (i.e. “blackouts”). Retrograde Amnesia • Form of amnesia where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia. • Commonly results from damage to the temporal lobes or hippocampus. Retrieval How do we recall the information we thought we remembered? Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!! Retrieval Cues • Things that help us remember. •We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory). Repetition Priming 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word. Semantic Priming 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize a person or a word if you have just seen something closely associated with them/it. Priming The Context Matters!!! • Flashbulb Memories. • Mood Congruent Memory. • State Dependent Memory. Déjà Vu • That eerie sense that you have experienced something before. • What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one & your mind gets confused. Forgetting Encoding Failure: Not getting info into LT Memory Forgetting Which is the real penny? Storage Decay • Even if we encode something well, we can forget it. • Without rehearsal, we forget things over time. • Remember Hermann Ebbinghaus? Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve Retrieval Failure • The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory (like the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon). Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon Can you name the capital cities of the following? Alaska N. Hampshire New Mexico South Dakota Missouri Kansas Idaho Illinois Pennsylvania Oregon Delaware N. Carolina Vermont Montana Connecticut Michigan Washington Wyoming Mississippi Maine New York Ohio Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon With the first letter of the capital city. Can you do it now? Alaska J N. Hampshire C New Mexico South Dakota Missouri Kansas S P J T Idaho Illinois Pennsylvania Oregon B S H S Delaware N. Carolina Vermont D R M Montana Connecticut Michigan H H L Washington Wyoming Mississippi O C J Maine New York Ohio A A C Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon With the first letter of the capital city. Can you do it now? Alaska Juneau N. Hampshire Concord New Mexico South Dakota Missouri Kansas Santa Fe Pierre Idaho Illinois Pennsylvania Oregon Boise Springfield Harrisburg Salem Montana Connecticut Michigan Helena Hartford Lansing Maine New York Ohio Augusta Albany Columbus Delaware N. Carolina Vermont Washington Wyoming Mississippi Jefferson City Topeka Dover Raleigh Montpelier Olympia Cheyenne Jackson Forgetting: Interference Theory • Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name. Mnemonic for the Interference Theory • PORN • Proactive. • Old info blocking out new info. • Retroactive. • New info blocking out old info. Motivated Forgetting • We sometimes revise our own histories. Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!! Motivated Forgetting Why does is exist? One explanation is REPRESSION: • In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness. Memory Construction • We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them. • Your expectations, schemas, and environment may alter your memories. Misinformation Effect • Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event. It would be like if my parents told me for years that I met Jerry West. I have the memory - but it never happened!!! Misinformation Effect Depiction of Accident Misinformation Effect Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Source Amnesia (source misattribution) • The inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. • This is often at the heart of “false memories.”