Transcript memorycomplete - Fort Bend ISD / Homepage

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Getting info into memory
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You pay attention. “Selective attention” If you
don’t pay attention, your sensory memory will
hear blah, blah. You have to pay attention to
get info into your working memory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Automatic vs. Effortful Encoding
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Auto – no effort
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Example: What did you have for dinner last night?
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Effortful - Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort.
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Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names
The procedure is actually quite simple. First
you arrange things into different groups. Of
course, one pile may be sufficient depending
on how much there is to do… After the
procedure is completed one arranges the
materials into different groups again. Then
they can be put into their appropriate places.
Eventually they will be used once more and
the whole cycle will have to be repeated.
However, that is part of life.
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One of the best encoding techniques
◦ Mental imagery
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The next slide has 15 word pairs.
Learn each pair by simply repeating the
members of each pair – USE ONLY THIS
STRATEGY.
For instance
Dog – Phone
1. Horse – Table
2. Island – Hat
3. Door – Note
4. Bear – Apple
5. Clock – Moon
6. Building – Dog
7. River – Table
8. Road – Paper
9. Basket – Cloud
10. Ring – Ship
11. Snow – Window
12. Pencil – Hammer
13. Bread – Car
14. Meat – Envelope
15. Box - Garden
Try to recall as many pairs possible
Snow –
Bear –
Road –
Basket –
Horse –
Box –
Island –
Bread –
Ring –
Clock –
Door –
Meat –
River –
Pencil –
Building –
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Snow – Window
Bear – Apple
Road – Paper
Basket - Cloud
Horse - Table
Box - Garden
Island - Hat
Bread - Car
Ring - Ship
Clock - Moon
Door - Note
Meat - Envelope
River - Table
Pencil - Hammer
Building - Dog
Now try again with a different list of pairs. This
time for each pair visualize a picture or image in
which the two words are in some kind of vivid
interaction, make the image as elaborate, bizarre,
or vivid as you wish. Make sure you SEE IT!
For example, Shoe – Spaghetti
You could picture a shoe with spaghetti for laces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Bird – Fruit
Rain – Rock
Dress – Money
House – Mountain
Cow – Flower
Corn – Gate
Roof – Nest
Baby – Hair
Ice – Train
Fence – Letter
Egg – Chair
Book – Water
Coat – Glass
Candy – Sign
Rabbit – Paint
Try to recall as many pairs possible
Book –
House –
Rabbit –
Rain –
Ice –
Baby –
Fence –
Dress –
Bird –
Coat –
Corn –
Egg –
Candy –
Cow –
Roof –
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Book - Water
House - Mountain
Rabbit - Paint
Rain - Rock
Ice - Train
Baby - Hair
Fence - Letter
Dress - Money
Bird – Fruit
Coat - Glass
Corn - Gate
Egg - Chair
Candy - Sign
Cow - Flower
Roof - Nest
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We encode what we are interested in. This
is called self-referent encoding.
Can you remember my phone number?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
-often occurs automatically
Acronyms – use the first letter of things
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Can you remember this number?
 19039848557
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Use imagery to remember a specific list of
items in order
Eggs, strawberries, ravioli, chocolate, beef
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Now imagine you are arriving home in the
driveway you see hot dogs all over the
driveway, INSIDE the garage your cat is
eating its food, you see tomatoes spattered
on the door, you hang your coat but see
banannas hanging in the closet, you go to
the sink and see Dr. Pepper face down in
the sink.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Eggs, strawberries, ravioli, chocolate, beef.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The context (location) in which you learn
info will be the best place to recall it
Percentage of words recalled
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40
30
20
10
0
Land/
Water/
Land
Water
SAME
CONTEXT
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Land/
Water/
Water
Land
DIFF
CONTEXT
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Easier to remember
happy memories in a
happy state and sad
memories in a sad
state.
(1983): subjects
study positive or
negative words in
normal state. Test in
positive or negative
induced states.
 mood primes
certain memory
contents
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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The physical condition (state) you’re in
influences what you’ll remember
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Encoding is most effective when we can see
it, hear it, touch it, and UNDERSTAND it.
Also, it’s most effective when we combine
those elements. We call this DUAL ENCODING
Encoding is best when we care.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Retaining info
over time
Fraction of a
second to several
seconds
Up to 30 seconds
Forgetting
Up to a lifetime
Forgetting
Forgetting
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Short term memory
is changed into:
Phonological loop
Visuospatial
Central Executive
On
the next slide, you will see
a series of letters for one
second
Try
to remember as many
letters as you can
D JBRH
X HGVP
C LYTZ
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How many can you recall?
DJBRH
X HGVP
C LYTZ
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
KZRHI
QBTOL
SGNEC
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Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Stores all the stimuli that
register on the senses
Lasts up to three seconds
Two types
◦ Iconic memory
 Visual
 Usually lasts about 0.3 seconds
◦ Echoic memory
 Sensory memory for auditory
input that lasts only 2 to 3
seconds
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Why do we need sensory memory?
Sensory memory traces fade fairly rapidly. We
simply lose the information UNLESS we do
something further with it.
Did you remember when I clapped earlier?
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Psychologists believe that, in this stage,
memory images take the form of nerve
impulses
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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STM can hold unrehearsed information up to
30 seconds.
What is the magic number of items we can
remember?
This is why we
naturally “chunk”
information
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Maintenance rehearsal –
Process in which information is repeated or
reviewed to keep it from fading while in STM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
JLo says, “My phone
Number is 469-2595968”
You then repeat it to
yourself until you can
write it down
somewhere.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Agenda: Finish up STORAGE….
Watch a couple videos
Take a few notes
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Retaining info
over time
Explicit memory is
Voluntary, conscious
recollection
Memories
Facts
Implicit memory is
Unconscious,
involuntary
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Fill in the blanks to complete the following
words. When you have an answer DON’T SAY
IT OUTLOUD! THEN EVERYONE KNOWS IT!
ch_ _ _ _ nk
sh_ _ i_f
o _ t _ _ us
_ l _st _ c _ _ y
_ l _ m _ te
_ ss _ _ si _
octopus
sheriff
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Bus
Truck
Ambulance
Orange
House
Fire Engine
Fire
Yellow
Red
Green
Apples
Cherry
Roses
Sunrise
Daisies
Flowers
Sunsets
Clouds
Tip of the tongue
phenomenon – you get
stuck elsewhere in your
semantic network
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Preexisting mental concept of framework
◦ Can be anything
◦ Scripts
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Memory storage is generally diffuse, but…
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Circuits of Neurons
◦ Some specialized neurons
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Neurotransmitter Involvement
◦ Acetylcholine
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Long-Term Potentiation
◦ Neural basis of memory – connections are
strengthened over time with repeated stimulation
(i.e. more firing)
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Explicit Memory
◦ Storage
 Hippocampus
 Remember – cortisol (released during stress) destroys
neurons here
◦ Emotional Memories
 (Amygdala)
◦ Encoding and retrieval
 Frontal lobe
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Implicit Memory
Clive Wearing
◦ Stored in the Cerebellum
 Skills
◦ Temporal lobes, hippocampus
 Priming
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The process of taking information out of
storage
Why does this happen?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Grouchy
Smiley
Droopy
Sleepy
Dumpy
Gabby
Dopey
Jumpy
Sniffy
Grumpy
Puffy
Lazy
Sneezy
Stubby
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Shorty
Nifty
Happy
Wheezy
Fearful
Doc
Hopeful
Wishful
Cheerful
Shy
Bashful
Pop
Teach
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Recall – remember info with no clues (essay)
Recognition – remember info with clues
(multiple choice)
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16% of college students correctly recall all 7
dwarves
Overall percentage of correct reporting was 69%
Recognition performance increases to 86%
Sleepy = 86%
Dopey = 81%
Grumpy = 77%
Sneezy = 76%
Happy = 62%
Doc = 57%
Bashful = 35%
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Encoding specificity principle –
The more closely the retrieval clues match the
form in which the information was encoded,
the better the information will be
remembered
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Flashbulb memories: tendency for an
emotionally salient event to be well
remembered – probably due to adrenaline
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Repressed Memory – memories that have
been removed from conscious awareness
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Memories become less accurate and more
distorted over time
APA says memories before age 3 are
unreliable
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Failures in Encoding and/or Retrieval
Percent retained
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60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
10
15
Days
20
25
30
Recall decreases rapidly, then reaches a
plateau, after which little more is forgotten
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Blocking - Forgetting that occurs when an
item in memory cannot be accessed or
retrieved
• Proactive interference – old information blocks new
info
• Retroactive interference – new information blocks
old info
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
DRM
Bed
Rest
Awake
Tired
Dream
Wake
Snooze
Blanket
Doze
Slumber
Snore
Nap
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The more you take away from me, the bigger
I become.
What am I?
Table
Sit
Legs
Seat
Couch
Desk
Recliner
Sofa
Wood
Cushion
Swivel
Stool
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Which of the following does not belong in this
list, and why?
Green pepper, oak tree, mushroom, fern,
grass, rose
Bed
Rest
Awake
Tired
Dream
Wake
Snooze
Blanket
Doze
Slumber
Snore
Nap
Table
Sit
Legs
Seat
Couch
Desk
Recliner
Sofa
Wood
Cushion
Swivel
Stool
Sour
Candy
Sugar
Bitter
Good
Taste
Tooth
Nice
Honey
Soda
Chocolate
Heart
thread
 pin
 eye
 sewing
 sharp
 point

prick
 thimble
 haystack
 thorn
 hurt
 injection
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Hill
 Valley
 Climb
 Summit
 Top
 Molehill

Peak
 Plain
 Glacier
 Goat
 Bike
 Climber
 Range
 Steep
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Distortion:
◦ Discussing details at
the scene of a crime
◦ Loftus & Automobile
Accidents / Scenes
 Key phrases
OR
 Changed Features
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Process of memory distortion as a result of
deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
◦ Misinformation effect –
The distortion of memory by suggestion or
misinformation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Shopping Mall Paradigm
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Drowning, hospitalization paradigm
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Eyewitness testimony
◦ Elizabeth Loftus’s story
◦ False accusations of rape, abuse
◦ Thomas Brewer story
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Recollections are less influenced by leading
questions if possibility of memory bias is
forewarned
Passage of time leads to increase in
misremembering information (JFK
assassination)
Age of the witness matters
Confidence in memory is not a sign of
accuracy
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Amnesia:
◦ Anterograde
 Antero – amnesia moves forward
- Cannot form NEW memories
 H.M.
◦ Retrograde
 Retro – amnesia moves back
- cannot remember OLD memories
 More common
 Memory can come back
 Patsy Cannon
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Pay attention
Use repetition
◦ Try to involve imagery
Talk to others about the information
◦ Try to apply it personally
◦ Why is the information important
◦ Use examples to help solidify
Test yourself!
Be careful about proactive/retroactive interference
Beware of false memories
Get a good night’s sleep
Remember – context/state – dependent learning!
Memory is better for repeated information if
repetitions occur spaced over time than if they
occur massed, one after another. No
cramming!
 Why? 1.Spacing distributed practice (instead of
massed practice) reduces retroactive and
proactive interference.
 2.REM sleep helps memory. So study Tuesday,
sleep, study Wednesday, sleep. You’ll do
better.
 3.Distributed practice may cause you to encode
it in different ways and in different moods.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Melton & Schulman, 1970