Transcript Chapter 7, Memory Retrieval

Memory -- Retreival
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the
memory store…it is there, but how do we get it
out to be able to use?
Retrieval cues: stimuli that help people get
information from long-term memory (LTM)
● think of these cues like “search terms” one
would use on an internet search engine, such
as or “clues” to help find your stored memories
Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of
associations. These associations are like
anchors that help retrieve memory.
Sleep
Retrieval cues are only as good as the memory
itself…so retrieval will depend up on the type of memory
& how well it was encoded/stored
Types of Retrieval
In recognition the person has to identify an item
amongst others e.g., a multiple-choice test
requires recognition.
1. Name the capital of France
a.
b.
c.
d.
Brussels
Rome
London
Paris
Types of Retrieval
In recall the person must retrieve information
using effort, e.g., a fill-in-the blank test requires
recall.
Berlin
1. The capital of Germany is ______.
Recall Exercise…50 States…
Types of Retrieval
In relearning the individual shows how much
time (or effort) is saved when learning material a
second time.
List
List
Jet
Dagger
Tree
Kite
…
Silk
Frog
Ring
Jet
Dagger
Tree
Kite
…
Silk
Frog
Ring
It took 10 trials
to learn this list
1 day later
It took 5 trials
to learn the list
Priming
Procedure of providing cues that stimulate
memories without awareness of the connection
between the cue and the retrieved memory
Often referred to as “memoryless memory”
because it is done without our conscious
awareness…yet it predisposes us to interpret or
recall information in a certain way
Context Effects
Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if
they learned the list underwater, and recalled more
words on land if they learned the list on land
(Godden & Baddeley, 1975).
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Context Effects
If this is true, then how should you study for your next
AP Psychology test? In what “context”?
Bottom line… the more closely the retrieval cues match the
form in which the information was encoded, the better the
information will be remembered.
Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “"I've experienced this before.”
Cues from the current situation (context) may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier
similar experience.
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Moods and Memories
Mood-congruent memory -- tendency to recall experiences
that are consistent with one’s current mood…so if you are
happy or in a good mood, you are more likely to recall happy
or positive event while a bad mood will bring about sad or
negative memories
Emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues.
TOT (tip-of-the-tongue)
Phenomenon
Inability to recall a word or idea, while knowing it is
in your memory
most common items of TOT are names and familiar
objects
● Why does it happen?
●
probably due to interference during recall…poor match
between retrieval cues and encoding of information
●
Name them…
Dopey, Sleepy, Sneezy, Happy, Grumpy, Bashful, Doc
●
State capitals…