Transcript Retrieval of Memory PPT

Three-Step Memory
Process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
• integrating
information into the
memory system
You meet a hot lady and
learn her name.
•preserving encoded
material in memory
• accessing memory
from storage
You say her name over and
over in your head to
memorize it.
You have to recall her
name when you want to
snapchat her.
Computers Do This Same
Process!
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
We are going to
focus on this
element of
memory today.
You type into a computer.
You hit “save” to preserve
your document.
You can “open” your file at
a later date.
Story Time!
• You go to your favorite restaurant
tonight for dinner, Gerald’s Pizzaria.
You are seated at a table with a white
tablecloth. You study the menu. You
tell the server you want a large pan
style pizza with cheese, pepperoni,
sausage, and mushrooms. You also
order a salad with blue cheese
dressing and a cherry coke from the
drink list. Twenty-five minutes later
the server returns with meal. You
enjoy it all, except the pizza is a little
burnt.
Story Questions
1. What kind of salad dressing did
you order?
2. Was the tablecloth red checkered?
3. What did you order to drink?
4. What was the restaurant name?
5. Did the server give you a menu?
6. Was the server a man?
7. What toppings did you order on
the pizza?
8. Did the meal take less than a
half hour to arrive?
9. Did you tip the waiter?
10. When did you go to the restaurant?
Retrieval: accessing memory from storage
If I asked you if you’re a Republican or a Democrat, you would access
your memory and tell me – this is the act of retrieval.
Memory Retrieval
• Priming: a stimulus evoking the recall of a memory
– “When I hear ___________, I think of ___________.”
– When I ask you about white people, what terms come to mind?
What about hispanics? Or blacks? Or asians?
– Mnemonic Devices are examples of priming (ROYGBIV)
– What associations do the pictures below bring up in your mind?
Memory Retrieval
• Context Effects: recall rate
is improved if remembering is
occurring in the same location
as where the memory was
formed
– If you go to your old house, it may
–
–
–
–
conjure up old memories.
Visit your middle school and you may
suddenly remember you old locker
combination.
If I have half of you take your next
exam in a different room, you will likely
score worse than if you took it in your
normal Psych room.
Déjà vu is probably just cues from the
current situation triggering retrieval of
an earlier experience
Land/Water Experiment
Memory Retrieval
• Mood-Congruent Memory:
memory recall tends to be
consistent with the mood you are
in
– If you’re jubilant, you’ll think of
other happy memories!
– If you’re depressed, you’ll tend to
think of other sad memories. This
happens less often than the happy
memories (when we’re sad we try to
regulate our mood by not thinking
about negative things)
– This also includes state-dependent
memory (while intoxicated, you’ll
remember other intoxicated
memories)
Memory Retrieval
• FIRST… list as many of the states in the country
as you can remember.
• NOW… try
again, using
this image as
a resource.
Memory Retrieval
• Recall: memory retrieval
conducted without any cues or
references
– When I first asked you to name
all the states
– Ex: essay, short answer, fill-inthe-blank question
– ______ was the twenty-sixth
president of the United States.
• Recognition: memory
retrieval conducted by
identifying learned items
– When I gave you the pictures of the
states as hints
– Ex: multiple-choice question
– Who was the twenty-sixth president of
the United States?
A: George Washington
B: Teddy Roosevelt
Retrieval Failure
• Failure to Encode: sometimes we fail to encode because
there is just too much information and we don’t notice
small details
Is this what a penny looks like?
(consider the words, orientation of
the picture, color, shape, etc.)
Retrieval Failure
• Hermann Ebbinghaus Study / Curve of Forgetting: taught
himself nonsense syllables (dak, bax, etc.) then measured
how much he still remembered at later time intervals
Key Point? Forgetting is
rapid at first, then
stabilizes over time
Retrieval Failure
• Amnesia: memory loss
– When people say they “forgot”
something, their brain still
has the information; they’re
just having trouble accessing it
– Literal memory loss can be
caused by brain trauma,
alcohol abuse, or
electroconvulsive therapy
– Old age can also cause
memory loss as the brain
begins to wither and decay;
neural networks become
destroyed and “routes”
to information are lost
Retrieval Failure
• Proactive
Interference:
– Old learning
interfering with
memory of new
learning
– PEDAL
(Prior Disrupts Later)
• Ex: you
call your
new
girlfriend
your old
girlfriend’s
name
• Retroactive Interference:
– New learning interfering with
recall of old learning
• Ex: you call your old girlfriend your
new girlfriend’s name
• Ex: miss test day, next day start
new unit, following day go to take
original test but keep thinking of
new material
Retrieval Failure
• Repression is a defense
mechanism where your
consciousness buries
threatening memories
– Our mind is protecting itself!
• Often uncovered through
hypnosis... but is it real?
• Childhood sexual abuse hypnosis
scandal of the 80s
• Repressed memories “recovered”
under hypnosis or the influence of
drugs are especially unreliable
Memory
Construction
• Misinformation Effect:
disingenuous information alters
one’s memory of an event
– Traffic accident video experiment
• All saw same video, but then asked
how fast the cars were going when
they “___________ eachother” (different
groups given different words such as
contacted, hit, bumped, smashed,
etc.) and the word affected the
results
• A week later, researchers asked
viewers if they had seen broken
glass, twice as likely to recall if
asked “smashed”
– The longer it’s been since the event
happened, the more likely it is to
inject misinformation
Memory Construction
• Imagination Effect: actively imagining fake events can
actually create false memories
– Occurs partly because visualizing something and actually
perceiving it activate similar brain areas
– Pathological liars can beat polygraphs: machines commonly
used in attempts to detect lies)
Memory Construction
• How do polygraphs work?
– They measure your physiological
responses such as breathing,
cardiovascular activity, and perspiration
– Begin by asking questions they know the
truthful answers to already (your age,
your name, etc.)—these are called
“control questions”
– Then ask the “relevant questions” – the
ones they want to know if you’re lying
or not
– Then they compare your body responses
between the two... if you are lying, your
body should indicate so by acting
“differently” than in the control
questions
Memory Construction
• How effective are polygraphs?
– Ineffective enough that they
are no longer admissible in
court
– In one experiment, 100 people
were given lie detectors to see
how accurate the polygraphs
were
• 50 were innocent of a crime
• The polygraph declared 1/3 of
these innocent people guilty
• 50 were guilty of the crime
• The polygraph declared 1/4 of
these guilty people innocent
– Now that you know how polygraphs
work... can you hypothesize how
they can be beaten?
Memory Construction
• Source Amnesia: mis-remembering the source of a
memory
– Avril Lavigne thinks she created the song “Girlfriend” but it sounds
much like an older song... maybe she unintentionally plagiarized
something she heard when she was younger.
“The Rubinoos” – I Want to be your Boyfriend (1979)
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