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Unit VIII Part II
LONG TERM MEMORY
RETRIEVAL
FORGETTING
Step #2 – Storage
Long Term Memory
19. Two LTM Systems:
Dr. Oliver Sacks
Examples:
Implicit Memories – implied
by our behaviors
• Reciting favorite songs
1.
Procedural –require
muscle memory
• Riding a bicycle
2.
Nondeclarative – we don’t
talk about them, we just
demonstrate our memories
for them in our behaviors.
• Driving your car
3.
Processed in our
cerebellum.
• Using your cell phone
• Getting tense when you hear
certain music during a movie
What was your implicit memory from
your photo?
December 19
FILM/FILM WORKSHEET
SUB
December 21
REWIND
CALENDAR UPDATE – FLEX REVIEWS/FINAL
FINALIZE UNIT VIII
BEGIN UNIT IX (IF TIME)
Step #2 – Storage
Long Term Memory
19.
Explicit Memories
Explicit because we “explain” them
1.
Declarative - we talk about these memories
a.
semantic/Left Hemisphere of the hippocampus
memories of factual information, meaning, details
b.
episodic/Right Hemisphere of the hippocampus
Personal, emotional, ”episodes” of our life,
19. Examples Explicit Memories
Examples:
Episodic –
Semantic –
• How did I feel?
• When?
• What did I like/dislike?
• Where?
• What did this mean to me?
• What?
• Who?
What did you describe about your
photo? Were your memories semantic
or episodic?
19. Explicit Memories
2.
Explicit memories are stored
throughout the association
areas and temporal lobes
3.
This processing and storage takes
place while automatically or
effortfully encoding the
information.
Stage 2 – Storage
Long Term Memory
20.
Future and Past
1.
Prospective Memory
Memory for something we intend to do out in the future.
Remembering to remember
I remember that I need to stop at the grocery store on the way home from school.
2.
Retrospective Memory
Content remembered from past experiences.
Includes:
Semantic
Episodic
Procedural
Step #2 – Storage
Long Term Memory
21.
Flashbulb Memory – a memory of an INTENSELY
emotional experience. You relive it and rehearse it
frequently, creating LTP.
Flashbulb Memory
Step #3 - Retrieval
Step #3 - Retrieval
22.
Three types of retrieval:
1.
Recall:
fill-in-the-blank
Close your eyes…..
What are the four lobes of the brain and what does each do?
What is the name of the person on your left?
2.
Recognition:
matching, multiple choice, true/false
Is the person on your right in the correct seat?
Which answer from a list of choices is correct?
3.
Relearning:
review questions, take-home exam, rewind
Relearn names…. (it takes 7 times)
*You can NEVER over learn! You CAN under learn!
*You are not relearning/retrieving if you never learned it to begin with.
Step #3 – Retrieval
Cues and Priming
23.
To retrieve information, we need CUES (noun).
These HELP get our brain ready to retrieve the information
by PRIMING (verb) it.
In other words, we are accessing that memory system put
together through LTP.
24. Context
Context – Read the words out loud.
• Deja vu - Have you ever experienced?
• LTP – We “prime” the same memory system…
• In our experiment, what primed your contextual memory?
• Context:
The situation, the surroundings, the environment where the
information was originally learned.
• Context is one type of CUE to PRIME memory
Examples:
• Taking a test in the same classroom you learned the material
• Remembering your holiday traditions once the family arrives and/or you are
at that special location where you celebrate
State of Mind vs. Mood
25.
State of Mind “State Dependent Memory”
State of mind is the CUE to PRIME memory
*May involve emotion and context
•
•
•
•
Stress/Adrenaline
Sleepiness
Intoxication
Comic
26.
Mood - Mood Congruent Memories –
Emotion is the CUE to PRIME memory
• Get angry, remember all the other times you are angry
• Get happy, get happier thinking of happy memories
Long-Term Memory Systems
27.
Loftus and Loftus(brain/touch studies and witness)
a.
Content is often invented as it is ENCODED AND as it is RETRIEVED.
Exclusive- The Bunny Effect.mp4
b.
We don’t store EVERY moment fully. (memory can be flawed)
False memories.mp4
c.
There is not one place in the brain that holds LTM’s? Brain/Touch Studies
Hippocampus – (semantic/episodic memories)
Cerebellum – (procedural memories)
Temporal Lobes – (faces/auditory information)
Association Areas – (long-term storage - entire cerebrum)
Step #3 – Retrieval
Forgetting
29. May be caused by retrieval INTERFERENCE
*What is the interference?
Proactive
Mnemonic
P
O ld Interferes
Retroactive
Mnemonic
R
N ew Interferes
Pro and Retro
Step #3 – Retrieval
When you construct a memory, it can be:
1.
Altered as it is ENCODED.
2.
Altered as it is RETRIEVED.
Misinformation Effect:
(Loftus again!) – misdirection due to leading questions
Loftis Misinformation Ted Talk
30. Source Amnesia
You misattribute the source of your memory.
Where did I learn this?
When did this happen?
*Inflated with constant information from social media sources.
Step #3 - Retrieval
31. Eidetic Memory
Eidetic Memory
What if you have a perfect memory?
Who does?
Step #3 – Retrieval
Amnesia
Amnesia - no memory construction or reconstruction
32.
Pathology of Memory - What is pathology?
Retrograde Amnesia –
Forget what happened RIGHT BEFORE the
accident/trauma.
Anterograde Amnesia –
Forget what happened AFTER the accident/trauma.
Step #3 – Retrieval
Amnesia
Hippocampal Amnesia *Video* -- Breakdown in storage from STM –
LTM (Clive)
Milner’s Syndrome –Remember everything up to a set point in time.
Brain damage
Karsakoff’s Syndrome –
Chronic alcoholism, vitamin deficiency,
lose recent and begins to recede back.
Alzheimer’s --Impaired semantic memory system due to build up of
“plaques and tangles” in the hippocampus and left hemisphere.
Interference with neural transmission in memory areas.
Hysterical Amnesia – Soap Opera memory loss
Article Attached
Step #3 – Retrieval
Repression
A. Can we repress memories of past abuse?
1.
Repression DOES happen, but it’s usually retrieved with CUES.
2.
Incest DOES happen
3.
Forgetting DOES happen
4.
Recovered memories are common place, both good and bad.
5.
Memories “recovered” under drugs and/or hypnosis are very
unreliable. False memories.mp4
6.
Memories of things that happened before the age of 3 are very
unreliable…. WHY?
Infantile Amnesia
Procedural Memories – First
Semantic Memories – Require Language
Episodic Memories – Require Self-Concept (last)
7.
Memories real or false can be very emotionally upsetting.