Transcript Long-term memory

Memory
• The brain’s system for filing away new
information and retrieving previously learned
data
– A constructive process
• 3 types of memory
– Sensory memory
• Lasts a few seconds
– Short-term (working) memory
• 30-90 seconds
– Long-term memory
• Indefinite time period
Information Processing Model
• Encoding
– Sensory information is
converted into a form that can
be stored
• Storage
– Encoded information is placed
into memory
• Retrieval
– Previously stored information is
moved form long-term memory
to working
Memory
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory
– Iconic Memory
• Visual stimuli
– Eidetic Memory
• Ability to remember detailed stimuli
• Short period of time
– Echoic Memory
• Auditory stimuli
Types of Memory
• Short-term (Working) Memory
- Encoding
– Attention
• The act of applying the mind to a
sense or thought
– Conscious encoding
• Encoding information that you pay
specific attention to
– Unconscious encoding
• Automatic processing
– Visual/ Auditory encoding
– Semantic encoding
• Attaching meaning to a memory
Types of Memory
• Short-term (Working)
Memory - Storage
– Chunking
• Process of organizing
large pieces of information
into smaller chunks
– Rote Rehearsal
• Repeating information with
the intent of learning that
info
• Interference Task
Types of Memory
• Short-term (Working)
Memory - Retrieval
– Serial Position Effect
• The ability to recal information
in a list depending on the
position of the information on
that list
• Recency Effect
– The recall of information that
was most recently stored
• Primacy Effect
– The recall of information learned
first
Types of Memory
• Long-Term Memory - Encoding
– Explicit memories
• Memories of which you are
consciously aware
– Implicit memories
• Memories of which you are NOT
consciously aware
– Episodic memories
• Memories in which you remember
an entire sequence of events
– Procedural memories
• Memories of movement (usually)
Types of Memory
• Long-Term Memory - Encoding
– Flashbulb memories
• Memories that are immediately
stored in LTM and caused by
emotional events
– Elaborative rehearsal
• The process in which you give
meaning to information for the
purpose of storing it
– Mnemonics
• Memory aids that give rhyme and
reason to lists or other pieces of
information
Memory
• Long-Term Memory – Storage
– Levels of Processing Model
• Shallow Processing
• Deep Processing
– The Brain
•
•
•
•
Hippocampus
Frontal Lobe
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
Types of Memory
• Long-term Memory - Retrieval
– Rehearsal
• Connect meaning
• Deep thinking
– Retrieval
• Using cues
• Recall
– General cue
– Essay Question
• Recognition
– Specific cue
– Multiple Guess Question
PICK OUT THE 7 DWARFS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BASHFUL
CRANKY
DOC
DUMPY
ZIPPO
HARPO
MOODY
DOPEY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
HAPPY
PEPPY
ROWDY
SLEEPY
SNEEZY
SNIPPY
YIPPY
GRUMPY
Encoding Specificity Principle
• Retrieval improves when conditions of encoding
are the same as conditions of recovery
• Context Dependent
– Same seat to take test
• Mood Congruence
– Be in the same mood
• State-Dependent
– Be in the same state
Forgetting
• Interference Theory
– Retroactive Interference
• New info interferes with old info
– Proactive Interference
• Old info interferes with new info
• Forgetting Curve
– Decays over time biologically
Forgetting
• Motivated Forgetting
– We have reason to forget
• Encoding Failure
– We do not encode information properly
• Retrieval Failure
– Synaptic connections have failed to retrieve
the information
Forgetting
• Amnesia – Memory Loss
– Anterograde
• An inability to form new memories
– Retrograde
• A loss of past memories