Transcript memory quiz 1 - The Grange School Blogs

The process by which we retain
information about events that
have happened in the past.
Memory
Retrieval
Need to be able to recall or
remember a memory.
Capacity
How much can be held in memory.
STM – limited (7 +/- 2 chunks)
LTM- potentially unlimited capacity
The coding of information in
terms of meaning
Semantic coding
Who came up with the term
‘The magical number 7 +/- 2’
Miller (1956) proposed that STM
could hold between 5 and 9 items
Chunking
Organising items of info into groups
chunks. To make the most efficient
use of STM’s limited capacity
A method of measuring the
capacity of STM by asking
people to remember and repeat
ever longer lists of digits
Digit –span technique
When using the Digit –span
technique what is the IV
and DV
IV= number of letters/numbers
presented
DV= number of letters/numbers
recalled correctly
What would be a suitable
operationalised directional
hypothesis for the Digit-span
test?
Recall of letters/numbers will become
less as the list of letters/numbers
presented becomes longer
Recency effect
The tendency to recall the
last (most recent) items on
a list
Procedural memory
Memory for riding a bike,
driving, e.t.c
Transforming incoming
information into a form that can
be stored in a memory.
Encoding
A model for STM
devised by Baddeley
and Hitch
Working Memory
Model
Name the 4 components
of the Working Memory
Model
Central executive
Articulatory-phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Identify one piece of
research that supports
the Working Memory
Model
Word length effect – Baddeley 75a and 96
Visual tracking task, + either visual task or verbal task –
pps doing diff tasks did better Baddeley 75b
Bunge et al 2000 – MRI scans show more brain activity
in same area when 2 tasks
KF aduditory forgetting in STM worse than visual–
Shallice and warrington 70
What is an articulatory
suppression task?
When you have to say e.g ‘the,the,the…’
whilst trying to do a reading task. Means you
can’t rehearse short words more quickly than
long words so word length effect disappears
(evidence for phonological loop and
articulatory process0
Prefontal Cortex
Part of brain where thoughts and
actions are orchestrated –
Executive Function (STM)
Which area of the brain is
active when LTM is
engaged?
Hippocampus
Who described the Multistore
Model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin in
1968
Name the 3 stores in the
Multistore Model of memory?
Sensory Store
STM
LTM
Give one strength and one
weakness of the MSM
+ Lots of research to support it
e.g.primacy/recency effect,
Korsakoffs syndrome patients
- oversimplified, rehearsal not
always needed
What was the aim of Peterson
and Peterson’s experiment in
1959?
To find the duration of STM
What type of experiment design
did Peterson and Peterson’s use
in 1959?
Independent groups
Ecological Validity
The ability to generalise the
procedure and findings to
everyday life
Name the Psychologist who did a
study about the duration of LTM
Bahrick et al (1975)
Bahrick’s study was what type
of experiment?
Natural
Name one study that
supports and one that
challenges the WM model
+ Case of KF (Shallice and
Warrington)
- Simplistic and vague
A gradual deterioration of a
memory trace (engram) in the
brain over time.
decay
displacement
Existing information is displaced
out of memory by new information
Confounding
variable
A variable that masks the effect
of the independent variable.
What is EWT?
The evidence given in a court or
in police investigations by
someone who has witnessed a
crime or an accident
Name 3 factors that can
affect the accuracy of
EWT?
Leading questions
Age of witness
Anxiety (weapon focus)
What was the critical
question Loftus and Palmer
asked participants in their
Study about leading
questions?
About how fast were the cars
going when they ‘hit’, ‘smashed
into’, ‘collided with’, ‘bumped
into’, ‘contacted’ each other.
Who coined the
term Weapon focus
and what does it
mean?
Elizabeth Loftus, the weapon distracts the
attention of an eye witness explaining why they
sometimes have poor recall for certain details
of the crime.
What does the
Yerkes - Dodson
Law state?
Performance is best in
moderately arousing
conditions
Who developed the
Cognitive Interview?
Geiselman et al
(1984)
List 4 components
of the Cognitive
Interview
• Make witness feel relaxed
•Witness recreate context of crime
•Report everything
•Change the order of events
•Different perspectives
• Interviewer avoids judgemental and personal
comments
Give 2 ways age can affect
EWT
• Carter et al 96, use of legal language can
lead to incorrect answers in children under 7
•Children trust people they know, affected by
stereotypes Memon et al 06
•Older people – failing memory and other
senses Wright and Holliday 05 and 07,
Brimacombe 97
Give an example of an open
question
Do open questions provide
quantitative or qualitative data
qualitative
Name 3 ethical issues in
psychological research
Deception
Protection form psychological/physical
harm
Privacy
Informed consent
How would a psychologist
deal with deception?
Debrief
How would a psychologist
deal with invasion of privacy?
Keep all names/organisations
confidential when collecting
and reporting data
Name 3 strategies
for improving
memory
• First letter Mnemonics
•Peg words
•Method of loci (imagery)
•Narrative stories
• Mind maps
Explain how one memory
improvement strategy
works
• First letter Mnemonics – rhyme or statement using the first
letter of the words to be remembered
•Peg words – objects associated with another word
•Method of loci (imagery) – place objects to be remembered in
locations e.g. around the house
•Narrative stories – put objects in a story
• Mind maps – organising facts and elaborating on them with
colour, images, emphasis e.t.c