Transcript Long Term Memory

Chapter 8
How good is your memory?
Number 1-15 (room for yes/no answers)
A.
B.
Encoding – GET IT IN!!!
Storage/Processing – KEEP IT (RETAIN)!!!
1.
Sensory Memory
a.
2.
3.
C.
Iconic(visual) REGISTER
Few tenths of a second
b.
Echoic(acoustic) REGISTER
Echo… echo… echo
3 – 4 seconds
Short-term Memory
(active/working)
Long-term Memory (permanent/cues/3 types)
Retrieval – GET IT OUT!!!
How many times do the players pass the ball?
Basketball - Encoding and Attention
What did you notice?
What did you miss?
What did you pay attention to?
What did you not attend to?

Midterm Exam

FORGET
12-6
A.
Automatic Encoding
1.
effortless
2.
without awareness
3.
without interfering
4.
requires no special attention *but it
does require attention!!
5.
cannot switch on and off at will
I hope you didn’t encode the
information! That means you paid
attention!
B.
Effortful Encoding
1.
Rehearsal
a.
Rote Rehearsal (A, B, C, D….. Over
and Over and Over)
b.
Elaborative Rehearsal(Please Excuse
My Dear Aunt Sally, Outline the Text)
2.
Requires that you spend time.
3.
May require that you practice overlearning.
4.
May require spaced rehearsal.
Read the chapter…. Listen to lectures….Do CC Notes…Do
Study Guide...Study for test…Study vocab cards…Talk about
concepts with a friend/family member…
12-6?
Listen and rate the sentences I will
read aloud based on the instructions.
1.
Visual Encoding (of images)
Works best for remembering words – not
best for MEANING of words
a.
Images
Pronunciation or mental picture? Which worked best?
b.
Mnemonics
Which finger represents the behavioral approach? Why?
Which part of your hand represents the dendrites of a neuron? Why?
Which two fingers represent the amygdala? Why?
How is a neuron firing like a urinal?
Which image is on YOUR brain to represent the function of the
thalamus?
Peg Word:
 Involves linking words with numbers.
 It is utilized by creating mental associations between items
to be remembered and items that are already associated
with numbers.
 For example, to remember the seven deadly sins—lust,
pride, greed, anger, sloth, envy, and gluttony—the number
one could be associated with a bun, two with a shoe, three
with a tree, four with a door, five with a hive, six with
sticks, and seven with heaven.
 Lust would be remembered by imagining a man drooling over
a cinnamon bun
 Pride would be remembered by picturing a man polishing his
expensive shoes
 Greed would be remembered by envisioning the word hanging
from a tree in place of fruit …
Method of Loci:
 Using visualization of locations to memorize
lists, scripts, speeches, etc.

To use the Method of Loci, you simply need to
visualize a location through which you can take an
imaginary walk.

If you are memorizing a speech, it is helpful for the location to
have a beginning, middle, and an end, perhaps similar to a
route you have memorized on your way to work.
You will 'store' parts of what you need to memorize throughout
each space of the location you have chosen.


Others: (write your own here)
2.
Acoustic
*Craik and Tulving – Works best for
remembering rhyming info.
rhyme – fake it til you _____ _____
now I know my ABC’s, next time won’t you _____
______ ______Encoding (of sounds)
3.
Semantic Encoding (of meaning)
Works best when you need to remember
verbal information long-term.
a.
Self-reference Effect
*You remember best the information that has personal
meaning.
*Personally colored APPLICATIONS in CCN
*Reflection questions in class
*Rewind
*Demonstrations – you do them/you remember them
*Well-designed Mnemonic Devices (images/meaning)
b.
Organized Information
Chunking – SS # (3 chunks)
Phone Number (2 or 3 chunks)
Steps of Memory:
Encode
Store
Retrieve
Long-Term Memories:
Semantic
Episodic
Procedural
Systems of Memory:
Short-Term Memories
Sensory
Central
Short-Term
Phonological
Long-Term
Visuo-Spatial
Retrieval Types:
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Hierarchies –
Chapters in a book
Schedule of your day
Cognitive Webs – Graphic organizers – main idea
connected to key concepts connected to each other
*Nervous System
Reflection:
How do you remember best?
How do you generally study spaced out or
crammed together?
Sensory Register
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory





Iconic
Echoic
Other Senses
Brief
Decays Quickly
Sensory input
Attention to important
or novel information
Encoding
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Encoding
Long-term
memory
Retrieving

Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items
briefly
 the information coming in through your
sensory registers AND the information
retrieved from LTM
 your working memory.


Read Each List




*Time is limited for each one.
Wait Until I Say GO!
Write the entire list down (or whatever you can
remember).
NO CHEATING – Test your own memory.
CXW
M N KTY
RPJHBZS
G B M P V Q F JD
EGQWJPBRHKA
KFMCAJVBTYI
JFKYMCATVFBI
A.
Define: activated (working) memory that
holds a few items briefly either from the
senses or from LTM.
1.
When did the lists get difficult for you?
2.


What did you do to remember the
letters?
Rote Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
B.
Coding Capacity of STM
1.
7 “chunks” ± 2 “chunks”
2.
What you can say in 2 seconds.
What if you LOST your working/STM?
Clive Wearing Example –
describe what happens to Clive
Clive
C.
How do you move STM information into
LTM?
1. Requires:
Effortful Encoding (attention/time)
a.
Rote Rehearsal
b.
Elaborative Rehearsal
D.

Baddeley’s Three Systems of Working
Memory
* Windows: ______
* Sentence: _____
Can use two tools for STM simultaneously
CANNOT use ONE tool twice for the same task
1.
Central Executive Controls our attention and coordinates working memory for a
specific task
*Coordinates Phonological Loop with Sketchpad
2.
Phonological Loop
Stores and utilizes semantic (word) information
*Count/verbal labels
*Holds on and repeats sentence
*Also needs to count words
*Can’t do BOTH at once – so you use your fingers 
3.
Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
Stores and utilizes speech based information
*Visualize house/walk through and count
windows
II.
Long Term Memory
Is our LTM limitless?
Yes, but it can FADE or be
INTERFERED with. Rajan
What does he teach you about making the most of your memory?
Is his LTM limitless?
What kind of rehearsal is he using?
What are the recommendations he makes for permanently storing
information while studying? (list all)
Do you use these methods? Could you benefit from any that you
DON’T use?
Article:
Read through and hi-lite.
Circle the title of any method you DO use.
Put a box around any method you WILL use.
Retake – for those missing both parts of their test.
Must come in and take both parts together (1 hour
– no Flex). On or before December 17. *No notes
Recapture – Due DEC. 17
 Study Plan due BEFORE Dec. 16
 Retake portions of test BEFORE CLASS
Dec. 16. *May use CCN!
B.
How are long-term memories stored? Are these memories
stored accurately?
1.
Loftus and Loftus(brain/touch studies and witness)
a.
Content is often invented
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RLvSGYxDIs&safe=active
b.
We don’t store EVERY moment fully.
(memory can be flawed)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcywPdORySA&safe=active
c.
There is not one place in the brain that holds
LTM’s? Brain/Touch Studies
Hippocampus – (new semantic/episodic memories)
Cerebellum – (new procedural memories)
Temporal Lobes – (faces/auditory information)
Association Areas – (entire cerebrum)
C.
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
What is the “Biological Basis of Memory”?
1.
Long-Term Potentiation
a.
Rehearse
Rehearse
Rehearse!!
Dendrite  Soma  Axon  Terminal  Neurotransmitters 
Receptor Site
REPEAT (through rehearsal) all throughout the LONG TERM!
This will increase the POTENTIAL for getting a high score!
b.
c.
Firing Potential –
The ability of a synapse
to send a signal when the threshold is reached. This
leads to efficient action potentials.
If you briefly, continuously, and rapidly
stimulate a synapse, the firing potential
INCREASES. This is called
Long-Term Potentiation.