Transcript Chapt13 Lecture 13ed Pt 3

Human Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 13
Nervous
System
Lecture Outline
Part 3
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
1. The brain: Cerebrum –
The lobes
• Cerebrum – largest portion of the brain
• Divided into 4 lobes
1. _______ lobe: primary motor area and
conscious thought
2. _________ lobe: primary auditory, smell, and
speech area
3. _________ lobe: primary somatosensory and
taste area
4. _________ lobe : primary visual area
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
1. The brain: Cerebrum –
The cerebral hemispheres
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central sulcus
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
primary somatosensory area
primary motor area
premotor area
leg
motor speech
(Broca’s) area
trunk
somatosensory
association area
primary taste area
arm
prefrontal
area
hand
general interpretation area
face
anterior
ventral
tongue
posterior
dorsal
Occipital lobe
primary
olfactory
area
lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
primary
visual area
visual
association
area
auditory association area
primary auditory area
sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area
Figure 13.9 The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
1. The brain: Cerebrum –
The cerebral cortex
• Cerebral cortex – thin, outer layer of gray matter
• Primary motor area – _________ control of
skeletal muscle
• Primary somatosensory area – for sensory
information from skeletal muscle and skin
• Association areas – ___________ occurs here
• _______________ – perform higher level
analytical functions including Wernicke’s and
Broca’s areas, both involved in speech
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
1. The brain: Cerebrum –
The cerebral cortex
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arm
trunk
forearm
thumb, fingers,
and hand
swallowing
hand, fingers,
and thumb
thigh
foot and
toes
a. Primary
motor area
longitudinal
fissure
leg
upper
face
leg
facial
expression
salivation
vocalization
mastication
arm neck trunk pelvis
forearm
thigh
pelvis
foot and
toes
lips
teeth and
gums
tongue and
pharynx
Figure 13.10 The primary motor and primary somatosensory areas of the brain.
genitals
b. Primary
somatosensory
area
longitudinal
fissure
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
2. The brain: Diencephalon
• Includes the
• ______________ – helps maintain homeostasis
(hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water
balance) and controls pituitary gland
• Thalamus – 2 masses of gray matter that receive all
sensory input except smell; involved in memory and
emotions
• ____________ – secretes melatonin that controls our
daily rhythms
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
2. The brain: Diencephalon
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lateral
third
ventricle ventricle
pineal
gland
Cerebrum
skull
meninges
corpus
callosum
Diencephalon
thalamus
(surrounds the
third ventricle)
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
Brain stem
midbrain
pons
Cerebellum
fourth ventricle
medulla
oblongata
spinal cord
b. Cerebral hemispheres
a. Parts of brain
Figure 13.8 The human brain.
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
3. The brain: Cerebellum
• Receives and integrates sensory input from the
eyes, ears, joints, and muscles about the current
position of the body
• Functions
• _______________
• _____________ voluntary movement
• Allows learning of new _____________ (i.e.,
playing the piano or hitting a baseball)
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
4. The brain: The brain stem
• Includes
• __________ – relay station between the cerebrum
and spinal cord or cerebellum; reflex center
• _______ – a bridge between cerebellum and the
CNS; regulates breathing rate; reflex center for
head movements
• ________________ – contains reflex centers for
regulating breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
• ________________ – major component of the
reticular activating system (RAS) that regulates
alertness
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13.2 The Central Nervous System
The reticular formation
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RAS radiates
to cerebral
cortex.
thalamus
reticular
formation
ascending sensory
tracts (touch, pain,
temperature)
Figure 13.11 The reticular formation of the brain.
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13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions
The limbic system
• It joins primitive emotions (i.e., fear, pleasure)
with higher functions such as reasoning.
• The _____________ can cause strong
emotional reactions to situations but conscious
thought can override and direct our behavior.
• Includes
• Amygdala – imparts emotional overtones
• Hippocampus – important to _________ and
___________
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13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions
The limbic system
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corpus
thalamus callosum
hypothalamus
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
amygdala
Figure 13.12 The regions of the brain
associated with the limbic system.
hippocampus
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13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions
Higher mental functions
• Learning – what happens when we recall and
use past memories
• Memory – ability to hold a thought or to recall
past events
• Short-term memory – retention of information
for only a few minutes
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13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions
Higher mental functions
• Long-term memory – retention of information
for more than a few minutes and includes the
following
• __________ memory – people and events
• __________ memory – numbers and words
• ______________ – performing skilled motor
activities (i.e., riding a bike)
• Language – depends on __________ memory
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13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions
What parts of the brain are
active in reading and speaking?
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primary auditory cortex
visual cortex
1. The word is seen in the
visual cortex.
Wernicke’s area
2. Information concerning the
word is interpreted in
Wernicke’s area.
primary motor cortex
Broca’s area
3. Information from Wernicke’s
area is transferred to Broca’s
area.
4. Information is transferred from
Broca’s area to the primary motor
area.
(all): © Marcus Raichle
Figure 13.13 The areas of the brain involved in reading.
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