Transcript Memory and Encoding

CHS AP Psychology
Unit 7 Part I: Memory
(Cognition)
Essential Task 7.1 :
Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the
following steps:
- Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation,
short-term memory
- Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and
implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
- Retrieval
Memory
• The ability to remember things we have
experienced, imagined, or learned
• Memory is often seen as steps in an
information-processing model
Information Processing Model
– Encoding: get the information into
our brain
– Storage: retain the information
– Retrieval: get it back out of storage
3-Stage Processing of Memory
• Atkinson and Shiffrin:
– 3 stages of memory:
1. Sensory memory- immediate brief recording of
info
2. Short-term memory- holds items briefly
3. Long-term memory- relatively permanent
a) Knowledge, skills, experiences
Baddeley’s Working Memory
• Updates Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Work
• Newer understanding of short-term
memory
• Conscious, active processing of sensory
input and information retrieved from
long-term memory
Memory:
•
.
The Persistence of Learning Over Time
• Get out a clean sheet of paper
• Write down everything that comes to
your mind IN THE ORDER they occur.
– Incorrect answers are just as important
as correct ones
Name the seven dwarfs
Answer:
• Sleepy
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Sneezy
• Happy
• Doc
• Bashful
Do you think you could recognize
the right answers?
• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy,
Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy,
Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy,
Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy,
Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty,
Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby
• Turn your paper over and recall the
names again.
Answer:
• Sleepy
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Sneezy
• Happy
• Doc
• Bashful
Encoding
• Much information is stored in Short
Term Memory (STM) phonologically,
according to how it sounds
• Some information is stored visually
• Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better
than phonologically encoded
information
Encoding:
• Automatic vs. Effortful Processing
Remembering what you ate last night
VS.
Learning this chapter’s vocabulary
Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
The more
you
practice, the
more you
retain.
BUT, the
quicker you
learn, the
quicker you
forget.
Memorizing random letters in
chunks…
Spacing Effect
•Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect)
is better than practicing all at once. You
can memorize a poem a lot easier if you
break it down into 5 parts over 5 days
instead of all at once.
Chunking
• The grouping of information into
meaningful units for easier handling by
short term memory.
• M-S-N-N-A-S-A-C-I-A-C-O-M
Or
• MSN NASA CIA COM
Inclusive Memory Activity
• I am going to give you a list of words
• I just want you to listen
• You have 30 seconds to write down as
many words as you can remember
Serial Position Effect
• People tend to recall the first items
(primacy effect) and last items (recency
effect) in a list
• Demonstrates how short- and longterm memory work together
• Primacy effect reflects long-term
memory
• Recency effect reflects short-term
memory
What We Encode
1. Encoding by meaning
2. Encoding by images
3. Encoding by organization
Encoding Meaning
• Also known as semantic encoding
– We understand the meaning of words
– We associate it with what we already
know (our schema)
*Better recognition later than visual or
acoustic*
Visual Encoding
• Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to
effortful processing, especially when combined
with semantic encoding.
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking
in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking
about it
Mnemonics
• Imagery is at the heart of many
memory aids. Mnemonic
techniques use vivid imagery and
organizational devices in aiding
memory
• PEMDAS
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
Organizing Information for
Encoding
• Break down complex information
into broad concepts and further
subdivide them into categories and
subcategories.
1.Chunking
2.Hierarchies
Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into
broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories.
Encoding Summarized in a
Hierarchy