Transcript THREE PROCESSES OF MEMORY

THREE PROCESSES
OF
MEMORY
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
• The translating of information into a form
that can be stored in your brain.
• Example:
– Sound of my voice is converted into a format
your brain can store and later retrieve
psychologically.
– Like typing words and then saving your work
on a computer.
Types of Encoding:
Semantic Encoding
• Encoding the meaning of something
• Encoding information that is
meaningful makes recall easier
• This is the best type of encoding
Semantic Encoding Example
• Is it easier to remember this list of
letters? OTTFFSSENT
• What if we told you that each letter is
the first letter of the series of numbers
from One through Ten?
• One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six,
Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
Self-Reference Effect
• Making information meaningful to a
person by making it relevant to one’s
life
• Ask yourself: “How does this relate to
me?”
Acoustic Encoding
• Encoding information based on the
sounds of the information
• Example: Repeat what you want to
remember over and over.
Visual Encoding
• Encoding information based on
images
• Memorizing information by picturing
it in your mind.
• Least effective form of encoding.
Visual Encoding
(From Craik & Tulving, 1975)
Encoding:
Mnemonic Devices
Mnemonic Device
• A memory trick or technique for
remembering specific facts
• “Every good boy does fine” to remember
the notes on the lines of the scale
• “People say you could have odd lots of
good years” as a way to remember how to
spell “psychology”
Method of Loci
• A mnemonic device in which the
person associates items to be
remembered with imaginary places
• Place items you want to remember in
your house.
Peg-Word System
• A mnemonic device in which the
person associates items to remember
with a list of peg words already
memorized
• Goal is to visualize the items to
remember with the items on the pegs
Peg Word System
Categorical Clustering
• Grouping items you want to remember by
categories
• Example: Grocery list organized by aisles
or food category.
Acronyms
• Set of letters from a word or phrase in
which each letter stands of a certain other
word or concept.
• Example: HOMES = Names of the Great
Lakes
Acrostics
• Initial letters that taken in order form a word
or phrase that trigger what you want to
remember.
• Example: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt
Sally (Math)
• Example: Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge
(Music)
Interactive Images
• Link a set of isolated words by creating
visual representations for the words and
then picturing interactions among the items.
• Example: If you had to remember a list of
random things like an aardvark, pencil,
table and book picture the aardvark sitting
on a table holding pencil in its claws and
writing in a book.
Keyword System
• Learning isolated words by linking sounds
and meanings together.
• Example: Elvis shook his pelvis
– Stalactite holds tight to the ceiling
– Fibula lies beneath the Tibula
– Tibula is on top of the fibula
Do Mnemonics Work?
• Watch this 8 minute video on how the
world’s best memory competitors use
mnemonics.
Once things are encoded they
move to STORAGE
• 2ND Process of Memory where encoded
information is maintained over time.
• Like a computer’s hard drive but it never
gets full.
How can you get information into
storage for later use?
• Maintenance Rehearsal – Repeating information
over and over
– More time spent rehearsing, the longer the info will be
remembered.
– Information learned in this way doesn’t last over the
long term.
• Elaborative Rehearsal – Relating information to
something you already know.
– Information learned in this way will last longer in your
memory
Storage is like a file cabinet
• As you learn more info your brain
categorizes it into many different groups
and classes based on common features.
• This can lead to filing errors when we file
information incorrectly.
Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves
Retrieval
Retrieval
• The process of getting information
out of memory storage and into
conscious thought.
• Two forms of retrieval
– Recall
– Recognition
Recall
• A measure of memory in which the person
must retrieve information learned earlier
• Example: Essay, fill-in-the-blank, and
short answer test questions test recall
Recognition
• A measure of memory in which a
person must identify items learned
earlier
• Example: Multiple choice and
matching questions test recognition;
the correct answer is in front of you –
you just need to recognize it.
Turn your paper over.
Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy
Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful
Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop
Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach
Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy
Stubby Poopy
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Retrieval: Context
Context Effect
• The enhanced ability to retrieve
information when you are in an
environment similar to the one in which
you encoded the information
• Example: Take a walk in your elementary
school and memories from that time will
come flooding back.
Context
Retrieval:
State Dependency
State Dependent Memory
• The enhanced ability to retrieve
information when the person is in the same
physical and emotional state they were in
when they encoded the information
• Example: When you’re angry you
remember other times you were angry.
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
• When you are sure you know something but
just cannot verbalize it.
• This is frustrating!
Let’s Review
The Three Processes of Memory
Encoding
• The processing of information into the
memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).