Transcript Encoding
Encoding How do you encode the info you read in our text? Getting the information in our heads!!!! Two ways to encode information • Automatic Processing • Effortful Processing Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • You encode space, time and frequency without • effort. Things can become automatic with practice. For example: “You’re a jerk Bobby!” “Where’s my coat?” Going to your friends house… Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic. Things to remember about Encoding 1. The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. 2. Information minutes before sleep 1. is seldom remembered; 2. in the hour before sleep, well remembered. 3. Taped info played while asleep? registered by ears, but we do not remember it. Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice in increments over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!! Take out a piece of paper and…. List the U.S. Presidents The Presidents Washington J.Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe JQ Adams Jackson Van Buren Harrison Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln A.Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur Cleveland Harrison Cleveland McKinley T.Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover FD.Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Bush Jr. Obama Serial Positioning Effect • Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. (serial position curve) Presidents Recalled If we graph an average person’s memory of the presidential list- it would probably look something like this. Serial Positioning Effect Primacy Effect: Tendency to remember words early in a list Recency Effect: Tendency to remember last items on a list Encoding exercise Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words •Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. •Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Which type works best? Self-Reference Effect • An example of how we encode meaning very well. • We remember things when they relate to, or describe us. • Think of your 3 most memorable memories. • How many are of you? Peg-word system Encoding Strategies Mnemonic Devices: Any learning technique that aids memory use imagery, semantics to remember… Acronyms: Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." ….to examples of mnemonic devices. Links Mnemonic Devices • • • • • Peg Word System One- bun Two- shoe Three- tree Four- on the floor…. • List: bologna, windex, razor blades, butter… • Weave a story matching each to a number… Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often it will occur automatically. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Do these numbers mean anything to you? Chunk- from Goonies 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now? Chunking 1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they become easy to remember. Key Word System… Term Broca’s Area Key Word Tom Brokaw Parietal Lobe parent Amygdala Hippocampus Mental Picture News cast (talking) parent touching your cheek Armageddon good vs evil (aggression, fear) ???? ????? Loci (Location) 500 BC.- Simonides Imagine location (house) Each item in list in specific location Example (Grocery List) Coffee in microwave Bread in toaster Dog food in food bowl in kitchen Vacuum bags on living room rug Dust polish on dining room table Peg, key word, chunking, loci (60 seconds) Ham Pencil turkey pen Check book detergent football glasses globe Brother Laundry Map Scrabble Jeopardy pizza