Transcript Chapter 7 Memory

Chapter 7 Memory
• 1. Episodic- Memory of a
specific event . Person
experienced event or event
took place in person’s
presence.
• 2. Flashbulb- Important event,
have mental photograph of
every detail. Usually special
memory: birth of child, 9/11
• 3. Semantic- General
knowledge. Don’t usually
remember where or when you
acquired info/memory. Ex.
ABC’s, how to read.
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What was the picture on the last slide?
4. Explicit- Clear or clearly stated or explained
memory of specific info. Ex: episodic, semantic
5.Implicit- Implied, not clearly stated: consist of skills
or procedures you have learned. Ex: throwing a ball,
riding a bike or skateboard. Even if not used will stay
with you for a long time.
6. Encoding- translation of info into a form in which it
can be stored (like a computer). Ex: OTTFFSSENT
A) visual codes- see things as a picture to store info.
B) acoustic codes- read and repeat to yourself several
times, aka “auditory”. Records letters in memory as a
sequence of sounds.
C) Semantic- Attempt to make sense of letters, figure out
their meaning. Ex: last four letters spell “sent”. “relating it
to meaning”
• 7. Storage- Involved in the 2nd
process of memory, it is
maintenance of encoded
memory over time. Use
strategies to maintain memory.
• A) Maintenance RehearsalRepeating info over and over
again to keep from forgetting
it. Ex: Actors without
connecting it to feeling, phone
numbers
• B) Elaborative Rehearsalmake new info meaningful
by relating it to info you
already know well. Widely
used in education.
• C) Organizational Systems- Memory can
resemble a storehouse of files and file
cabinets in which you store what you
need to learn and remember.
• D) Filing Errors- We can “file” info
incorrectly placing “wrong label” on info.
Ex: misguided directions, artist+song
• 8. Retrieval- locating stored info and returning it to
conscious thought. Need to know where you stored it,
some things easy: name, phone number. Use codes to
learn it ex: I before e.
• A) Context-Dependent memory- come back to you at a
certain place. Memory in which the person first had the
experience, dependent on the place where they were
encoded/stored. Ex: assigned seats
• B) State-Dependent Memory- Memories retrieved
because of mood or emotional state when they were
originally encoded is recreated. Ex: sad time illicit sad
memories. Drugs alter state of consciousness and thus
result in state-dependent memories
• C) On the tip of the tongue- come so
close to retrieving info, use sound
codes to help retrieve memory/info due
to “files” and “labels” encoded in our
memory
What was the transition on the last slide?
Three Stages of Memory
• 9. Sensory Memory- 1st stage
of memory, initial recording
of information as it enters
through our senses. Such as
a row of letters or numbers
flashed on a screen, that
memory trace lasts for a
fraction unless we do
something with it. Iconic
Memory: like snapshots, brief
Eidetic Memory: visual stimuli
over long period of time
“photographic memory”
Echoic: mental traces of
sounds
• 10. Short Term Memory- If you pay
attention to iconic and echoic memory
you can transfer that info into memory.
Also called “working memory”. Info
begins to fade rapidly after several
seconds. Ex: math problems as you work
on them, phone number as you dial it.
Limited in space.
Short term Memory techniques
• A) primacy and recency effects- When
remembering a series of letters you tend to
remember 1st and last better than the middle.
Primacy: tendency to recall the initial items
• Recency: remembering the last items of the
series, more easily remembered because it’s
“fresher” Ex: Memory games from earlier slide.
• Let’s play a game- Please write your
answers on a separate piece of paper to
be turned in at the end of class.
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.html
• B) chunking: reorganizing the info into
manageable units that are easier to remember,
most chunking is 7 items long. Ex: phone #’s,
PEMDAS
• C) Interference- Once short term memory is full,
new information appears in short term memory
and takes place of what is already there. Like
pushing it off a shelf.
Long Term Memory
• 11. Long Term Memory- 3rd final stage. New
info constantly being transformed. Contains
more info than hard-drive. Names, dates, 2nd
grade, 8th birthday, all in color, come in
sound (if we hear) with smells, touches and
tastes.
• A) Capacity- Yet to discover the limit of memory.
Limited to the amount of attention we pay to
things.
• B) Memory as Reconstructive- memory is not recorded
and played back like videos and movies
reconstructed from bits and pieces of our experience.
When reconstructed tend to shape them according to
personal and individual ways in which we view the
world. We put our personal stamp on our memories.
• C) Schemas- Mental representations that we form of
the world by organizing bits of info into knowledge.
Reconstruct info from ideas of what you think. Ex: draw
eyeglasses, hourglass. Influenced both the ways we
perceive things and way stored in memory.
What was the animation on the short term memory techniques slide?
Basic Memory Tasks
• A) Recognition- involves identifying objects or
events that have been encountered before.
Like “easier multiple choice” tests, answer given
to you.
• B) Recall- Bring back to mind. Try to
reconstruct it in your mind. Ability to recall
drops dramatically within an hour (can repeat
it immediately). Make connections/paired
associates. Ex: agua = water
• C) Relearning- often forget things we
once knew, when re-taught comes
quickly. Ex: 50 yr. old re-learning
algebraic equations
• 13. Decay- Fading away of memory,
occurs when memory traces fade from
sensory or short term memory.
More Freud
• 14. Repression- forget
things on purpose,
painful memories with
shame or guilt. We
forget by pushing them
out of our consciousness.
May be responsible for
amnesia.
• 15. Amnesia“dissociative” Thought
to be caused by
psychological trauma.
Amnesia
• A) Infantile- Forgetting of early childhood
events before age 3. If you can you have
reconstructed memory from other’s memories,
like being told by a parent. Brain is not mature
so cannot process/store memories.
• 1) not interested
• 2) don’t weave events together
• 3) no reliable use of language
• B) Anterograde AmnesiaTrauma to the head that
causes new events to
be lost (not
remembered). Brain
damage.
• C) Retrograde AmnesiaForget period leading
up to the event.
– Auto accident victims forget
they were in a car prior to
accident
– Sometimes several years
(before accident) of memory is
lost
Samantha Who? On ABC is about
retrograde amnesia
Improving Memory
• A) Drill and Practice- repetition, fairly effective
way to transfer info from sensory memory.
– The way we learned the ABC’s
– Flash cards
B) Relate to things you already know- Requires you to
think more deeply about new information. Making
associations
C) Form unusual associations- Make it different or
humorous, make it stand out
More memory techniques
• D) Construct links- connections to improve
vocabulary. Ex. Peso = people pay with
money
• E) Use Mnemonic devices- systems for
remembering info.
– Usually combine chunks of info into a format,
phrase or acronym. Ex. Roy G. Biv