Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
Psychology, Eighth Edition
By David G. Myers
Worth Publishers
(2007)
Chapter 9: Memory
Storage
Methods and Devices
Process
Go, Fetch!
Now, what’s
this for?
Process
500
400
300
200
100
Methods and Devices
500
400
300
200
100
Storage
500
400
300
200
100
Go, Fetch!
500
400
300
200
100
Now, what’s this for?
500
400
300
200
100
1. Making sense of information as
meaningful occurs in the process of ___
so that we may store it in memory.
•
•
•
•
A) construction
B) flashbulb
C) encoding
D) sensory memory
2. Being able to remember major
events clearly because of their
emotional impact is called:
•
•
•
•
A) flashbulb memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) photographic memory.
D) traumatic memory.
3. In the three-stage processing
model of memory, the stages, in
order of occurrence are:
•
•
•
•
A) flashbulb, working, long-term.
B) sensory, short-term, long-term.
C) working, short-term, long-term.
D) visual, short-term, long-term.
4. When you solve a math problem in
your head, you have to hold the
information there while you calculate.
This calls into play ___ memory.
•
•
•
•
A) rehearsal
B) working
C) conscious
D) arithmetic
5. In Baddeley’s model of working
memory, the central executive
function directs focus, with increased
activation of the ___ of the brain.
•
•
•
•
A) frontal lobes
B) parietal lobes
C) amygdala
D) occipital lobes
6. When studying information, like
concepts in your textbook, you must work
at it and pay attention. This is called ___
processing.
•
•
•
•
A) meaningful
B) deliberate
C) effortful
D) redundant
7. Your friend says, “I wait to study all the
material the night before the test, so it is
fresh in my mind.” You tell him from what
you have learned:
• A) that you agree this is the best way to
prepare for a test.
• B) he should rehearse the material as many
times as he can the night before the test.
• C) he should audio tape the material and
replay it in his sleep.
• D) that he should spread his studying
across many days.
8. The “serial position effect”
describes our tendency to:
• A) remember what we had for
breakfast.
• B) remember things when they are in
numerical order.
• C) remember the first and last items of
a list more successfully.
• D) remember the first items of the
list more often than the last ones.
9. The self-reference effect refers
to the increased remembering of
information when:
• A) someone told the person directly.
• B) the person saw the even first-hand.
• C) that information holds personal
meaning.
• D) the person has been directly accused
of something.
10. Using a method such as, “one
is a bun, two is a shoe, etc.” to help
you remember is a ____ device
called a ____ system.
•
•
•
•
A) mnemonic; peg-word
B) semantic; chunking
C) working memory; spacing effect
D) priming; semantic encoding
11. Brief, visual sensory memory
is like a snapshot, and only lasts
for less than a second is called:
•
•
•
•
A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) immediate memory.
12. Our immediate, short-term
memory for new material is limited in
capacity to roughly ___ bits of
information.
•
•
•
•
A) 3 plus or minus 1
B) 12 plus or minus 3
C) 20 plus or minus 4
D) 7 plus or minus 2
13. When we remember how to do
something, but cannot consciously
explain it or even recall the information
when asked, ___ is involved.
•
•
•
•
A) episodic memory
B) explicit memory
C) implicit memory
D) semantic memory
14. The ____ of the brain plays a
major role in the formation of new,
explicit memories.
•
•
•
•
A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) frontal lobes
15. Changes in our nervous system
which enhance our memory storage is
known as:
•
•
•
•
A) dendrite growth.
B) next-in-line effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) automatic processing.
16. Essay tests measure ___ and
multiple choice tests measure ___.
• A) long-term memory; short-term
memory
• B) recall; recognition
• C) retrieval; clustering
• D) semantic memory; visual
memory
17. Asked quickly to spell “shop” and then
asked, “What do you do when you get to a
green light?”, most people answer, “stop”.
This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) working retrieval.
B) chunking.
C) priming.
D) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
18. The tendency to recall more sad
events when a person is currently
sad is an example of ___ memory.
•
•
•
•
A) flashbulb
B) iconic
C) melancholic
D) mood-congruent
19. When Jason learned the material,
he was drunk. He could not recall it
when sober, but could again remember
some of it the next time he drank. This is
an example of:
• A) long-term potentiation of
neurons.
• B) the spacing effect.
• C) flashbulb memory.
• D) state-dependent memory.
20. The best way to find information
stored in memory is to use:
•
•
•
•
A) iconic memory.
B) retrieval cues.
C) auditory processing.
D) explicit memory.
21. The three sins of forgetting are:
• A) absent-mindedness, transience and
blocking.
• B) short attention, confusion, tip-of-the
tongue.
• C) state-dependent, false memories,
amnesia.
• D) misinformation, interference, recall
failure.
22. Jamie remembered something from a
dream that she believed really happened.
This is an example of the sin of:
•
•
•
•
A) somnambulism.
B) misattribution.
C) REM rebound.
D) encoding.
23. Not being able to remember all the
details of a common penny is an
example of ___ failure.
•
•
•
•
A) state-dependent
B) recall
C) encoding
D) misinformation
24: When learning something new
makes recall of previously learned
information more difficult, this is called:
•
•
•
•
A) proactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) persistence.
25. Inspector Bradigan wants to call in a
hypnotist to help the victim of abuse better
recall repressed memories. You inform the
inspector that:
• A) he should only use a highly trained
hypnotist.
• B) recovered memories under hypnosis
are unreliable.
• C) the victim may be too emotional to
remember.
• D) he should also use a truth serum.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Making sense of information as
meaningful occurs in the process of ___
so that we may store it in memory.
•
•
•
•
A) construction
B) flashbulb
C) encoding
D) sensory memory
351
2. Being able to remember major
events clearly because of their
emotional impact is called:
•
•
•
•
A) flashbulb memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) photographic memory.
D) traumatic memory.
351
3. In the three-stage processing
model of memory, the stages, in
order of occurrence are:
•
•
•
•
A) flashbulb, working, long-term.
B) sensory, short-term, long-term.
C) working, short-term, long-term.
D) visual, short-term, long-term.
361
4. When you solve a math problem in
your head, you have to hold the
information there while you calculate.
This calls into play ___ memory.
•
•
•
•
A) rehearsal
B) working
C) conscious
D) arithmetic
352
5. In Baddeley’s model of working
memory, the central executive
function directs focus, with increased
activation of the ___ of the brain.
•
•
•
•
A) frontal lobes
B) parietal lobes
C) amygdala
D) occipital lobes
352
6. When studying information, like
concepts in your textbook, you must work
at it and pay attention. This is called ___
processing.
•
•
•
•
A) meaningful
B) deliberate
C) effortful
D) redundant
354
7. Your friend says, “I wait to study all the
material the night before the test, so it is
fresh in my mind.” You tell him from what
you have learned:
• A) that you agree this is the best way to
prepare for a test.
• B) he should rehearse the material as many
times as he can the night before the test.
• C) he should audio tape the material and
replay it in his sleep.
• D) that he should spread his studying
across many days.
352
8. The “serial position effect”
describes our tendency to:
• A) remember what we had for
breakfast.
• B) remember things when they are in
numerical order.
• C) remember the first and last items of
a list more successfully.
• D) remember the first items of the
list more often than the last ones.
356
9. The self-reference effect refers
to the increased remembering of
information when:
• A) someone told the person directly.
• B) the person saw the even first-hand.
• C) that information holds personal
meaning.
• D) the person has been directly accused
of something.
358
10. Using a method such as, “one is a
bun, two is a shoe, etc.” to help you
remember is a ____ device called a
____ system.
• A) mnemonic; peg-word
• B) semantic; chunking
• C) working memory; spacing
effect
• D) priming; semantic encoding
359
11. Brief, visual sensory memory
is like a snapshot, and only lasts
for less than a second is called:
•
•
•
•
A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) immediate memory.
362
12. Our immediate, short-term memory
for new material is limited in capacity to
roughly ___ bits of information.
•
•
•
•
A) 3 plus or minus 1
B) 12 plus or minus 3
C) 20 plus or minus 4
D) 7 plus or minus 2
362
13. When we remember how to do
something, but cannot consciously explain
it or even recall the information when
asked, ___ is involved.
•
•
•
•
A) episodic memory
B) explicit memory
C) implicit memory
D) semantic memory
367
14. The ____ of the brain plays a
major role in the formation of new,
explicit memories.
•
•
•
•
A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) frontal lobes
368
15. Changes in our nervous system
which enhance our memory storage is
known as:
•
•
•
•
A) dendrite growth.
B) next-in-line effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) automatic processing.
365
16. Essay tests measure ___ and
multiple choice tests measure ___.
• A) long-term memory; short-term
memory
• B) recall; recognition
• C) retrieval; clustering
• D) semantic memory; visual
memory
370
17. Asked quickly to spell “shop” and
then asked, “What do you do when you
get to a green light?”, most people
answer, “stop”. This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) working retrieval.
B) chunking.
C) priming.
D) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
372
18. The tendency to recall more sad
events when a person is currently
sad is an example of ___ memory.
•
•
•
•
A) flashbulb
B) iconic
C) melancholic
D) mood-congruent
374
19. When Jason learned the material,
he was drunk. He could not recall it
when sober, but could again remember
some of it the next time he drank. This is
an example of:
• A) long-term potentiation of
neurons.
• B) the spacing effect.
• C) flashbulb memory.
• D) state-dependent memory.
374
20. The best way to find information
stored in memory is to use:
•
•
•
•
A) iconic memory.
B) retrieval cues.
C) auditory processing.
D) explicit memory.
371
21. The three sins of forgetting are:
• A) absent-mindedness, transience
and blocking.
• B) short attention, confusion, tip-ofthe tongue.
• C) state-dependent, false memories,
amnesia.
• D) misinformation, interference,
recall failure.
376
22. Jamie remembered something from a
dream that she believed really happened.
This is an example of the sin of:
•
•
•
•
A) somnambulism.
B) misattribution.
C) REM rebound.
D) encoding.
376
23. Not being able to remember all the
details of a common penny is an
example of ___ failure.
•
•
•
•
A) state-dependent
B) recall
C) encoding
D) misinformation
377
24: When learning something new
makes recall of previously learned
information more difficult, this is called:
•
•
•
•
A) proactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) persistence.
379
25. Inspector Bradigan wants to call in a
hypnotist to help the victim of abuse better
recall repressed memories. You inform
the inspector that:
• A) he should only use a highly trained
hypnotist.
• B) recovered memories under hypnosis
are unreliable.
• C) the victim may be too emotional to
remember.
• D) he should also use a truth serum.
388
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition
• By David G. Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers
(2007)
Answers
1.
C
9.
C
17.
C
2.
A
10.
A
18.
D
3.
B
11.
B
19.
D
4.
B
12.
D
20.
B
5.
A
13.
C
21.
A
6.
C
14.
A
22.
B
7.
D
15.
C
23.
C
8.
C
16.
B
24.
C
25.
B