Transcript Document
1 Memory encoding: taking in information Memory storage: retaining information in memory Memory retrieval: accessing stored information Encoding specificity principle says that retrieval of specific memories will be more successful when cues that were present in encoding are present when retrieving Context-dependent memory – the tendency for information to be better recalled in the context in which it was first learned State-dependent memory – Idea that people have an easier time recalling information when in the same physical and psychological state as when they learned it 2 We pay attention to important or interesting information External Events see smell hear feel taste Rehearsal Phonological Loop Stage 1 Stage 2 Sensory Memory ShortLong Term term/working Memory Encoding Memory Encoding 3-4 Seconds Iconic Memory Echoic Memory 30 seconds Stage 3 Retrieving Unlimited space Consolidation Elaborate Rehearsal Mnemonic Devices - Acrostics - Acronyms - Visualspatial Sketch - Chunking 3 Stage 1 External Events see smell hear feel taste We pay attention to (Mik)_________or (Anais) _________ information ________ (Sarah) Memory __- __Seconds Encoding (Nate) ______ Memory (Rylie) ______Memory (Kate) Stage 2 Rehearsal ______________ ______(Alayna) Stage 3 __________/ Long Term (Joni) Memory Encoding working Memory Retrieving Unlimited space Consolidation ____ (Kirk) seconds Elaborate Rehearsal ___________ Devices (Hannah) - ___________(Ryan) - ___________(Kyle) - ___________(Jessie) - ___________(Esobel) 4 Declarative Memory (Explicit) • Memory of facts and experiences • Key phrase “knowing that” • Memory of facts = Semantic Memory • Memory of experiences = Episodic Memory • Deeply emotionally charged memories = Flashbulb Memories • Where were you when the Twin Towers fell, when JFK died, Michael Jackson died Procedural Memory (Implicit) • Memory of skills and procedures • Tasks that we perform without thinking: how to tie our shoes, how to drive a car, how to ride a bike • Often learned through shaping (step by step learning) 5 Hierarchies & Schemas • Hierarchies: systems in which concepts are arranged from general to more specific • Concepts: mental representations of related things; could be physical objects, events, organisms, or abstract ideas • Prototypes: common examples of the concept. For example, if the concept was “bird” a prototype could be “robin” • Concepts broken into 3 levels • Superordinate (broadest category) = Building • Basic (more specific level) = Business • Subordinate (examples of basic) = Dentist Office 6 Hierarchies & Schemas • Semantic Networks: More irregular and less strict hierarchies; link multiple concepts together. • For example, in a semantic network, the concept of “bird” can be linked to “fly, feathers, wings, animals, vertebrate, penguin, robin, sky” all of which could be connected to several concepts. • Schemas are preexisting frameworks that exist that allow us to organize and interpret new information. • Script: the specific things we associate with an event, person, or item • For Example: A script for “elementary school” may include • Teachers • Young students • Principal • Classrooms with desks and chairs 7 Hierarchies Superordinate Concept Schemas Wheel Automobile Dome light Drive Basic Concept Car Breaks Car 4-door Engine 16 Road Subordinate Concept Ford Taurus 8 Hierarchies Hierarchies Superordinate Concept Superordinate Concept Basic Concept Basic Concept Subordinate Concept Ginger Snap Subordinate Concept Color SCRIPT High School First Day Of High School SCHEMA SCRIPT College How you Picked your College SCHEMA • Interference Theory: Believes that memories held in STM or LTM may be pushed aside by other memories Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference Misinformation Effect Decay Theory • Proactive Interference: when something we learned earlier disrupts new information we are trying to learn • Trying to remember your grandparent’s new phone number, but you keep messing it up with their old one. • Retroactive Interference: when something we have recently learned disrupts the recall of old information • Someone asks for your old address and it is blocked because our new address interferes with our recall of it. 12 Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference Misinformation Effect Decay Theory Interference Theory • Misinformation Effect: when we incorporate misleading information into our memory of an event. • We forget what actually happened so we fill in the blanks with what we think did, leading to inaccuracies • Decay Theory: The idea that over time our brains physically decay leading to memory loss • Serial Position Effect: we are more likely to forget the middle items in a list than those at the beginning for the end • Primacy effect: the tendency to recall items learned first • Recency effect: the tendency to recall the last items learned 13 Motivated Forgetting: Memories Hidden from Awareness Sigmund Freud Theorized that the psychological defense mechanism of repression, or motivated forgetting, banished threatening material from the consciousness Repression Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Amnesia: Memories Lost or Never Gained Retrograde Amnesia – the loss of memory of past events Anterograde amnesia – the loss of the ability to form or store new memories 14 • Mnemonic Devices: memory tricks used when encoding memory information that aid in retrieval of information • Acronyms: A word formed from the first letters of each one of the words in a phrase or list of terms • “CART” could be used to remember items to get at the store: Carrots, Apples, Radishes, and Turnips • Acrostics: A sentence formed with the first letter of each word referencing the first letter of a list of terms • “My very educated mother just sent us nine pizzas” referred to the order of the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto • Phonological Loop: the use of verbal repetition of information to deepen memory retention. • Chunking: grouping items together to allow for more material to be learned • Visualspatial Sketchpad: the creation of a visual image to improve memory • Mental map of your house is an example • Context-Dependent Memory: The idea that we retrieve information better when in the same location it was obtained • State-Dependent Memory: The idea that things are more easily recalled when we are in the same physical and mental state when the information was encoded. • So if you were really tired when you hid a gift, you would be more likely to recall where you put it if you were really tired. 15