Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To:
Discovering Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 4e
Worth Publishers (2007)
Chapter 6: Memory
I used to know.
It’s there, I just can’t find it.
What is Memory?
Oops!
Brain and Memory
What is Memory?
500
400
300
200
100
It’s there, I just can’t find it.
500
400
300
200
100
I used to know.
500
400
300
200
100
Oops!
500
400
300
200
100
Brain and Memory
500
400
300
200
100
1. The process of making
information meaningful so that we
may store it in memory is called
____.
•
•
•
•
A) construction
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval
2. Brief, visual sensory memory
that is like a snapshot is called:
•
•
•
•
A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) immediate memory.
3. When you solve a math problem in
your head, you have to hold the
information there while you do it. You
are using your ___ memory.
•
•
•
•
A) rehearsal
B) working
C) conscious
D) arithmetic
4. ____ is an effective encoding
strategy in which you focus on the
meaning of information to help
transfer it to long-term memory.
•
•
•
•
A) Repetition
B) Elaborative rehearsal
C) Auditory processing
D) Working memory
5. When we remember how to do
something but cannot consciously
explain it or even recall how we do
it, ___ is involved.
•
•
•
•
A) implicit memory
B) episodic memory
C) semantic memory
D) explicit memory
6. “He was in that movie, you know, the
guy? I think his name started with a C?”
This person is experiencing the memory
problem of:
•
•
•
•
A) semantic blocking.
B) working retrieval.
C) tip-of-the-tongue experience.
D) encoding failure.
7. Essay tests measure ___ and
multiple-choice tests measure ___.
• A) long-term memory; shortterm memory
• B) semantic memory; visual
memory
• C) retrieval; clustering
• D) recall; recognition
8. If you are trying to recall a long
list of items, the serial position
effect says you are most likely to:
• A) forget any items more than seven.
• B) remember items which are more
meaningful.
• C) remember items in the beginning
of the list.
• D) forget more items in the middle
of the list.
9. The difference between everyday
memories and flashbulb memories is
that flashbulb memories:
• A) are much more highly accurate.
• B) don’t change over time.
• C) are perceived as being more
vivid and accurate.
• D) all of the above.
10. Karen found that when she paid
attention in class, what she learned
there was more easily recalled when
she took an exam in the same room.
This is an example of ____.
•
•
•
•
A) context effect
B) mood congruence
C) flashbulb memory
D) chunking
11. Absentmindedness is a failure
in ___.
•
•
•
•
A) memory storage.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) prospective memory.
12. When a new memory interferes
with remembering an old memory, this
is called:
•
•
•
•
A) encoding failure.
B) suppression.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.
13. There are some things we want to
forget. ___ is unconscious and ___
is when we make a conscious effort
to forget.
• A) Retroactive interference; proactive
interference
• B) Suppression; repression
• C) Repression; suppression
• D) Proactive interference; retroactive
interference
14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of
forgetting:
• A) occurs soon after learning.
• B) continues to steadily occur over
time.
• C) occurs in the middle of a list.
• D) occurs more rapidly in old age.
15. While considered a cornerstone of
psychoanalysis, ____ is an extremely
controversial topic among
psychologists.
•
•
•
•
A) decay theory
B) déjà vu
C) repression
D) suppression
16. When someone has experienced an
event and is then faced with suggestive
questions or wrong data, memory can be
distorted due to the:
• A) power of suggestion.
• B) misinformation effect.
• C) authority figure presenting the
information.
• D) suggestibility of the subject.
17. Source confusion can contribute to
false memory if the person
remembering:
• A) is doubtful of events.
• B) has a bad memory to begin
with.
• C) receives false details after an
event.
• D) is easily manipulated by
others.
18. Vividly imagining an event markedly
increases one’s confidence that the event
actually occurred in childhood. This effect
is called:
•
•
•
•
A) source confusion.
B) sensation distortion.
C) confidence overstatement.
D) imagination inflation.
19. False memories may be the result of a
____, which is how we expect a typical
sequence of events to occur.
•
•
•
•
A) memory trace
B) source confusion
C) schema
D) script
20. Detective Brennan has an
eyewitness to a murder. He wants to
help the witness remember details by
using guided imagery. The detective
should know:
• A) that hypnosis would be a better
choice.
• B) that there is a greater risk of false
memories.
• C) that he needs to used a qualified
expert.
• D) all of the above.
21. The process of permanently
“setting” a new memory is called:
•
•
•
•
A) memory consolidation.
B) memory trace.
C) long term potentiation.
D) recovered memories.
22. H.M. had his hippocampus
surgically removed. As a result, he
suffered from ___, an inability to___.
• A) retrograde amnesia; remember old
memories
• B) anterograde amnesia; form new
memories
• C) retrograde consolidation; control
epileptic seizures
• D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform
simple math functions
23. Damage to this area of a monkey’s brain
may eliminate its fear of predators.
•
•
•
•
A) medial temporal lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus
24: The most common cause of dementia is:
•
•
•
•
A) Parkinson’s disease.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) Alzheimer’s disease.
D) automobile accidents.
25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. could
solve a logical puzzle that he previously
worked on more quickly, but he did not recall
having seen it before. This illustrates that the
surgery had the most impact on his:
•
•
•
•
A) implicit memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) cerebellum.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Making information
meaningful so that we may store
it in memory is called ____.
•
•
•
•
A) construction
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval
218
2. Brief, visual sensory memory
that is like a snapshot is called:
•
•
•
•
A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) immediate memory.
221
3. When you solve a math problem in
your head, you have to hold the
information there while you do it. You
are using your ___ memory.
•
•
•
•
A) rehearsal
B) working
C) conscious
D) arithmetic
221
4. ____ is an effective encoding
strategy in which you focus on the
meaning of information to help
transfer it to long-term memory.
•
•
•
•
A) Repetition
B) Elaborative rehearsal
C) Auditory processing
D) Working memory
224
5. When we remember how to do
something but cannot consciously
explain it or even recall how we do
it, ___ is involved.
•
•
•
•
A) implicit memory
B) episodic memory
C) semantic memory
D) explicit memory
226
6. “He was in that movie, you know, the
guy? I think his name started with a C?”
This person is experiencing the memory
problem of:
•
•
•
•
A) semantic blocking.
B) working retrieval.
C) tip-of-the-tongue experience.
D) encoding failure.
230
7. Essay tests measure ___ and
multiple-choice tests measure ___.
• A) long-term memory; shortterm memory
• B) semantic memory; visual
memory
• C) retrieval; clustering
• D) recall; recognition
230
8. If you are trying to recall a long
list of items, the serial position
effect says you are most likely to:
• A) forget any items more than seven.
• B) remember items which are more
meaningful.
• C) remember items in the beginning
of the list.
• D) forget more items in the middle
of the list.
231
9. The difference between everyday
memories and flashbulb memories is
that flashbulb memories:
• A) are much more highly accurate.
• B) don’t change over time.
• C) are perceived as being more
vivid and accurate.
• D) all of the above.
233
10. Karen found that when she paid
attention in class, what she learned
there was more easily recalled when
she took an exam in the same room.
This is an example of ____.
•
•
•
•
A) context effect
B) mood congruence
C) flashbulb memory
D) chunking
232
11. Absentmindedness is a failure
in ___.
•
•
•
•
A) memory storage.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) prospective memory.
235
12. When a new memory interferes
with remembering an old memory, this
is called:
•
•
•
•
A) encoding failure.
B) suppression.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.
237
13. There are some things we want to
forget. ___ is unconscious and ___
is when we make a conscious effort
to forget.
• A) Retroactive interference; proactive
interference
• B) Suppression; repression
• C) Repression; suppression
• D) Proactive interference; retroactive
interference
236
14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of
forgetting:
• A) occurs soon after learning.
• B) continues to steadily occur over
time.
• C) occurs in the middle of a list.
• D) occurs more rapidly in old age.
234
15. While considered a cornerstone of
psychoanalysis, ____ is an extremely
controversial topic among
psychologists.
•
•
•
•
A) decay theory
B) déjà vu
C) repression
D) suppression
238
16. When someone has experienced an
event and is then faced with suggestive
questions or wrong data, memory can be
distorted due to the:
• A) power of suggestion.
• B) misinformation effect.
• C) authority figure presenting the
information.
• D) suggestibility of the subject.
239
17. Source confusion can contribute to
false memory if the person
remembering:
• A) is doubtful of events.
• B) has a bad memory to begin
with.
• C) receives false details after an
event.
• D) is easily manipulated by
others.
240
18. Vividly imagining an event markedly
increases one’s confidence that the event
actually occurred in childhood. This effect
called:
•
•
•
•
A) source confusion.
B) sensation distortion.
C) confidence overstatement.
D) imagination inflation.
242
19. False memories may be the result of a
____, which is how we expect a typical
sequence of events to occur.
•
•
•
•
A) memory trace.
B) source confusion.
C) schema.
D) script.
240
20. Detective Brennan has an
eyewitness to a murder. He wants to
help the witness remember details by
using guided imagery. The detective
should know:
• A) that hypnosis would be a better
choice.
• B) that there is a greater risk of false
memories.
• C) that he needs to used a qualified
expert.
• D) all of the above.
243
21. The process of “setting” a new
memory permanently in the brain is
called:
•
•
•
•
A) memory consolidation.
B) memory trace.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) recovered memories.
248
22. H.M. had his hippocampus
surgically removed. As a result, he
suffered from ___, an inability to___.
• A) retrograde amnesia; remember old
memories
• B) anterograde amnesia; form new
memories
• C) retrograde consolidation; control
epileptic seizures
• D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform
simple math functions
249
23. Damage to this area of a monkey’s brain
may eliminate its fear of predators.
•
•
•
•
A) medial temporal lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus
250
24: The most common cause of dementia is:
•
•
•
•
A) Parkinson’s disease.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) Alzheimer’s disease.
D) automobile accidents.
251
25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M.
could solve a logical puzzle that he previously
worked on more quickly, but he did not recall
having seen it before. This illustrates that the
surgery had the most impact on his:
•
•
•
•
A) implicit memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) cerebellum.
250
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 4e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Worth Publishers, 2007
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C
A
B
B
A
C
D
C
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
C
A
B
D
C
A
C
B
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
C
D
D
B
A
B
C
C
25. B