Transcript Introduction to Cognitive Science Psychology

The Cognitive Perspective:
Memory
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Write down you three clearest
memories
What is memory?
• Memory is what reminds you on Friday
what you should have done on the
previous Monday!!
What is memory
The more I study,
The more I know;
The more I know,
The more I forget;
The more I forget,
The less I know,
So why study?
The more I lecture,
The more you know;
The more you know,
The more you forget;
The more you forget,
The less you know,
So why should I
lecture?
A little experiment
• Remember the following words
• BEE
• SEE
• PEA
• TREE
• GLEE
• KEY
Read these, no need to remember
• SHE
• KNEE
• FREE
• THREE
• TEA
• PLEA
RECALL THE WORDS ON THE FIRST LIST
What about
• SHE
• KNEE
• FREE
• THREE
• TEA
• PLEA
Are replaced by
• ESKIMO
• BUFFALO
• TELEPHONE
• VIOLIN
• PENCIL
• WINTER
Short-term Memory
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acoustic code
rehearsal
serial exhaustive retrieval
forgetting is due to interference
(replacement) or decay
Short-term Memory
• Storage:
– limited storage : 7± 2 items, chunking
Working Memory
What you can articulate in 2.5s
Pioneers in memory
• James (1890)
• First US psychologist
• Wrote the monumental
Principles in Psychology
PRIMARY MEMORY
• Immediate, present
effortless
• SECONDARY MEMORY
• Unconscious - permanent
• Genuine Past
• Requires effort
Pioneers in memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885
• Nonsense syllables
• Clusters of three letters:
• KED, MOZ
• Read list, covered it, recited
• Repeat
• Discovered he gradually
improved
• Flaws of design?
Pioneers in memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885
• Associationist
• Short term and long term
memory
The modal model of memory
Sensory
Rehearsal
Store
Sensory
Store
Short
Long
Term
Term
Store
Store
Transfer
Sensory
Store
Displacement
(Forgetting)
But what is the evidence for separate STS / LTS?
Evidence for STS / LTS distinction
Converging evidence appeared to support the STS / LTS
distinction as proposed by the modal model:
• Capacity differences - STS = limited / LTS = unlimited
• Encoding differences - STS = phonological / LTS = semantic
• Serial Position Curves - STS = Recency / LTS = Primacy + Asym
• Forgetting - STS = trace decay / LTS = interference
• Neuropsych Evidence -
HM = intact STS, impaired LTS
KF = intact LTS, impaired STS
BUT - psychology is never simple...
Case studies
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HM
Milner (1996)
Epileptic
Antergrade amenesia
Reread newspaper
Time for 15 seconds
Memento
• KF
• Shallice an
Warrington (1970)
• Motorcycle accident
• STM impaired
• LTM good--even
after the accident
Problems for STS / LTS distinction
• Encoding differences - How do we comprehend text / learn
language / remember faces?
• SPCs - Recency effects after 20sec distraction following each
item (Tzeng, 1973). Long term recency (Baddeley & Hitch, 1977)
constant ratio rule (t / T) (Glenberg et al, 1980).
• Forgetting - Interference effects in STS (e.g. Release from
Proactive Interference - RPI)
• NP Evidence - Why is HM able to encode information in LTS if
the STS is a critical bottleneck?
The modal model provided the first systematic attempt to account for the
structures and processes which comprise the memory system
But by the end of the 1960s there were several well established findings that it
was unable to account for.
Magic number 7
• 7 Plus or minus 2
• George Miller (1956)
• STM can hold
between 5 and 9
chunks of items
• Brown and Peterson
technique (1959)
• Three letter in a
Trigram
• Count back ward in
threes from 176
aloud
Study the letters
Count Backwards by three aloud
176
Study the letters
Count Backwards by three aloud
176
Comparing memory
SM
STM
LTM
Capacity
Small
7+/-2
Unlimited
Duration
.25 - 2
seconds
Up to 30
Indefinite
Encoding
Modality
specific
Mainly
acoustic
Semantic/
visual/
acoustic
Sensory Processing
• Short-term sensory memory
– iconic, echoic, and kinesthetic memory
– Sperling’s experiment
Sperling’s (1960) study of sensory memory
Whole report procedure
• Pay attention to the following matrix
N
K
J
A
F
Z +P
M
T
W
X
U
Task
• Try to recall as many letters as possible.
Partial report
• Report the letters in the row indicated
by the arrow.
B
I
M
T
V
L +K
C
S
D
H
F
Independent variables
• Delay between matrix and cue
Sperling’s Experiment
• whole report : 4-5 items
• partial report : 9 items
– delay cue :
0 ms
- 9items
150 ms - 7 items
250 ms - 6 items
1000 ms - 4-5 items
Short-term sensory memory (C’d)
• preattentive: large capacity, parallel
processing
• veridical : much physical information of the
stimulus is preserved
• rapid decay
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• Write down as many as you can
remember
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Story telling
• Make up a story for each and every item
• The sillier the better.
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• Write down as many as you can
remember
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Wander around the house
• Put each item in a part of the house.
• Imagine your house, from the moment
you enter it.
• Pick ten distinct places
• Go progressively from one to the next.
• Simonides
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• Write down as many as you can
remember
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Serial position curve
• Words near the
begging and end of a
list are better
remembered
Coding in STM
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Activity 3
Two lists
Two groups
Counterbalancing
Write in order they appear
(Conrad 1964)
Tulving (1972)
• Semantic memory
• Episodic memory
• Procedural memory
Semantic
memory
Episodic
memory
Difference
June 23, 2004
• Describe as much as you can remember
that day
September 11, 2001
• Describe as much as you can remember
that day
Flashbulb memory
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Brown and Kulik (1977):
1) Where they were
2) what they were doing
3) person who gave them the news
4) How they felt about it
5) how Others felt about it
6) the aftermath
Your three clearest memories
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Rubin and Kozin (1984)
Injury
Love affairs
Emotionally explosive
How often rehersed
Was there surprise
Was it a national event?
Perceptual Encoding
A
A
A
A
A
A
Perceptual Encoding
• detection, recognition (LTM), identification,
or categorization
• Mental representation
Animal
Banyan Tree
X
Goldish
¦
Persian Cat
¦
German Shepherd
¦
Dachshund
¦
Mexican Hairless
¦
Barking Deer
¦
Four legs
X
X
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
Fur
X
X
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¦
X
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Barks
X
X
X
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Wags tail
X
X
X
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¦
?
Long-term memory
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permanent
unlimited capacity
forgetting - due to retrieval failure
coded by meaning, hierarchy, semantic
network, etc.
Hypothetical network
A semantic network
Slide from Dr. Joe Lau
Slide from Dr. Joe Lau
How does science work?
• Example of working memory
Working Memory
(Baddeley, 1975)
Experiment 1
• Stimulus: Monosyllable & 5-syllable words
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(sum, hate vs. university, organization)
IVs: 1) Number of syllables (1 vs. 5)
2) Number of words per sequence (4,5,6,7,8)
Presentation: 1.5s/word, auditory
Result: more sequences of monosyllable words
recalled.
Working Memory
(Baddeley, 1975)
Experiment 6
• Stimulus: Words of with 1,2,3,4,5,6 syllables
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(zinc, carbon, calcium, uranium, aluminum)
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Presentation:
50 lists of 5 words, 2s/word
S read the words as quickly as possible
Result: Ss recall what they could read in 1.8s
Working Memory
• Articulatory loop for storage: capacity
is what you can say in 2.5s, acoustic code
• Central executive: for computation and
decision making
• Visuospatial pad: for storing and
processing of nonverbal information.