Transcript lesson 1c-foundations of history

Foundations
of History
Asian History and
Civilization
Definition of
Terms
1. Prehistory
2. History
3. Civilization
4. Culture
5. Asian
Terms
Pre-history – the period of human progress before people kept written records
History
– comes from a Greek word ἱστορία – historia, meaning "inquiry,
knowledge acquired by investigation"
– a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation
or institution) often including an explanation of their causes
Civilization – An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material
development in human society
Culture
– the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that
depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge
to succeeding generations
Asia – comes from the word Asu which means “place
of the rising sun”
For the early Greeks like Aristotle…
• “History is a systematic
explanation of a natural
phenomenon regardless
if it is chronological or
not.”
Leopold Von Ranke- Father of
Scientific History
Kinds of Sources
Examples of Sources
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diaries
memoirs
biography
speeches
letters
pamphlet
Statistics
• Codified laws, orders,
decrees
• Government records
• Inscriptions on stones,
metals
• Monuments, cemeteries,
churches
• Money and coins
• Oral traditions
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Am I an art or science?
- History
HISTORY AS SCIENCE
• As a social science, history
follows the scientific
method.
HISTORY AS A SCIENCE
• History is more of a science because it is
primarily based on facts
• Historian follows a rigorous method in
history writing- historical methodology.
Historical Process
• Choosing Framework
• Gathering Data
• Analyzing Data and Understanding the
Meaning and Relevance of the Data
(External and Internal Criticism)
• Reconstructing History
What is historical criticism?
• In historical methodology, sources must be
authentic and credible
• It examines the authenticity and credibility
of sources
• It has two levels.
External criticism
• Examines the physical appearance of the
document (example: color of paper used, condition
and characteristics of the paper, ink used,
handwriting style, etc. )
• Answers the following questions:
• What, where, when and how was the document
acquired?
• Is the document original or a copy of the original
• Is the document primary or secondary?
• Is the document authentic?
Internal criticism
• Higher level of criticism
• Examines the content and interpretation of
the document
• Examines the content of the document
• Examine the words used in the document
HISTORY AS AN ART
• History is an art because the historian
interprets facts from sources.
• When the historian writes history, it
must be well-organized, coherent and
elegant.
Is history related to the other
social sciences?
• Use of theories and methods of other social
sciences
• Led to the creation of other subfields of
history
» political history
» economic history
» cultural history
» social history
» environmental history
Related Social Science
Geography - The study of the earth and
its features and of the distribution of life
on the earth, including human life and
the effects of human activity
Sociology
Economics
Political Science - The study of the
processes, principles, and structure of
government and of political institutions;
politics.
Economics - Deals with the
production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services
and with the theory and management
of economies or economic systems.
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Political
Science
Geography
Sociology - The study of human social behav
especially the study of the origins
organization, institutions, and
development of human society
Religion
Anthropology
Psychology - The emotional and
behavioral characteristics of an
individual, group, or activity
Ethics - The study of the general
nature of morals and of the specific
moral choices to be made by a
person; moral philosophy.
Ethics
Anthropology - The scientific study
of the origin, the behavior, and the
physical, social, and cultural
development of humans.
Psychology
Religion - A personal or
institutionalized system grounded in
such belief and worship
Archaeology - is the study of past
human societies primarily through
the recovery and analysis of the
material culture and environment
Geological
Features of
Asia
Location, Topography,
Climate and
Resources
Major Topographic Features
• Mountain Ranges
- Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindu Kush, Urals, Caucasus
• Highest Mountains
- Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu
• Largest Lakes
- Aral Sea, Lake Baikal, Caspian Sea, Dead Sea
• Major Rivers
- Chao Phraya, Euphrates, Ganges, Huang Ho, Indus, Irrawaddy,
Jordan,Yenisey
Lowest Area
- Dead Sea Coast
How was Asia formed?
Continental Drift Theory
• Proposed by Alfred Wegener
• The world was made of a big land mass called Pangaea
Plate Tectonic Theory
• Scientist believe that the outer shell of the earth is made up of
thin, rigid, plates that move relative to each other
Volcanic Theory
• This theory poses that the because of violent earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions, it caused land to submerge and emerge
Geography of Asia’s sub-regions
 NORTH ASIA
- characterized by a continuous cover of plants or grasslands
- Grasslands are classified into 3 types:
STEPPES
- continuous mat of shallow-rooted short
grasses
PRAIRIES - characterized by tall and deeply-rooted grasses
SAVANNAS - characterized by the mingling of forests and
grasslands
• Boreal forest and taiga vegetation is found in North Asia
Boreal – coniferous forest
Taiga – marshy pine forest
South Asia’s Geography
• Home to majority of the world’s
highest mountains
- Himalayan Mountain range
- Mount Everest
- Mount Kanchenjunga
- Hindu Kush
- Khyber Pass
West Asia’s Geography
• 3 physical region is found in this region:
Northern Tier, Arabian peninsula and the Fertile Crescent
Northern Tier – characterized by the presence of mountains
and plateaus
Arabian peninsula – surrounded by bodies of water
Fertile Crescent – consists of fertile land with sufficient water
Arabian Countries
Saudi Arabia
Lebanon
Jordan
Syria
Iraq
Kuwait
Afghanistan
Gulf States
Yemen
Oman
UAE
Qatar
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Cyprus
Turkey
Georgia
Armenia
East Asia’s Geography
• This region is consist of various physical features
• China – Gobi Desert, Mongolian and Tibetan plateaus
3 river systems: Huang Ho, Yangtze, Xi Jiang
• Japan – separated from mainland East Asia by the
Korean Strait
- compose of Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu
and Hokkaido
Southeast Asia’s Geography
Mainland Southeast Asia
• Mountainous with occasional high
plateaus
• River systems include the Irrawaddy,
Salween, Chao Phraya, Mekong and
Red River
Insular Southeast Asia
• Made up of islands scattered over wide
stretches of bodies of water
• Some of these islands are within the
“Ring of Fire”
Mainland Southeast Asia
Insular Southeast Asia
Myanmar
Thailand
Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia
Philippines
Indonesia
Malaysia
Brunei
Singapore
East Timor (Timor
Leste)
Monsoons in Asia
• Northeast Monsoons – November to February (amihan)
winds from the continent moves toward the bodies of
water
• Southwest Monsoons – May to September (habagat)
winds from the bodies of water toward the continent