Transcript Volcano
VolcanoES By Joshua Kim What is a Volcano? • A volcano is a mountain that extends down to a pool of magma between the crust and mantle. • It’s basically a hole in the Earth from which magma can erupt. • The name “volcano” comes from the name of Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology. Parts of a Volcano How are Volcanoes Formed? • When two plates collide, one plate is subducted or converges, slide past each other, or diverge beneath another plate. • Molten rocks swell up • Volcanoes are formed when molten rock (magma) from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. • At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. • Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger. What are the Types of Volcanoes How are Volcanic Eruptions Measured? • Eruptions are measured by Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). • VEI Scale • • • • • • • • • 0- Effusive. Example: Hawaiian (Current) 1- Gentle. Example: Nyiragongo (2006) 2- Explosive. Example: Sinabung (2010) 3- Catastrophic. Example: Nabro (2011) 4-Cataclysmic. Example: Eyjafjallajökull (2010) 5- Paroxysmic. Example: Puyehue (2011) 6-Colossal. Example: Pinatubo (1991) 7-Mega-colossal. Example: Tambora (1815) 8-Apocalyptic. Example: La Garita Caldera (26.3 Ma) Destruction Caused by Volcanoes • April 5, 1815: Mount Tambora, Indonesia. Killed 92,000 and caused disastrous crop failures and summer snowfalls as far away as North America. • Aug. 26, 1883: Krakatoa, Indonesia. 36,500 killed. • Aug. 30, 1902: Mount Pelee, Martinique. 29,000 killed. • Nov. 13, 1985: Nevada del Ruiz, Colombia. 23,000 killed. • 1792: Unzen, Japan. 14,000 killed • AD 79: Mount Vesuvius, near Naples, Italy. More than 10,000 died in the eruption that obliterated the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. How Hot is Lava and Magma? • The temperature of lava can range anywhere from 700° C to 1200° C. Lava is not really lava until it meets the earth's crust before that it is known as magma. • Magma is the ocean of molten rock that lies beneath the earth's crust. • Temperatures of most magmas are in the range 700 °C to 1300 °C (or 1300 °F to 2400 °F), but very rare carbonatite melts may be as cool as 600 °C, and komatiite melts may have been as hot as 1600 °C. Lava Magma Mount St. Helens • At 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, a 5.1-magnitude earthquake triggered a sideways blast that swept the mountain's north face away into a cascading landslide that shot hot ash and stone out some 15 miles at speeds of at least 300 m.p.h. • At the same time, a mushroom-shaped plume of ash shot 16 miles into the air, eventually covering three states. • Complete darkness blanketed Spokane, Wash., a city about 250 miles northeast of the volcano. • When the ash came down it fell in the form of black rain that literally coated the residents of Washington, Idaho and parts of Montana with a fine gray powder. • Fifty-seven people and thousands of animals were killed, and some 200 square miles of trees were obliterated. Before After Bibliography • http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-a-volcano/ • http://giphy.com/search/volcano/4 • http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-volcano.htm • http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/the-destructive-power-of-volcanoes-1.1116994 • http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/geo/volcanoes/volcano_type.htm • http://perri-n-natural-hazards.wikispaces.com/1.+What+is+a+Volcano+-+History+and+Types+of+Volcanoes • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera • http://pictures.4ever.eu/tag/2088/post-apocalyptic-city • www.universetoday.com/77079/how-hot-is-lava/ • http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2014572,00.html • http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2014572_2014574_2014629,00.html