Transcript Chapter One - Net Start Class

STAAR / EOC
Review 2012-2013
Types of Maps
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Physical
• landforms, bodies of water, etc.
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Political
• Man made borders/boundaries
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Historical
Thematic
Population Density Maps
Resource or product maps
Latitude and Longitude
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Latitude -Horizontal, run parallel and measure
north and south
Equator -Zero degrees latitude
Longitude –meet at the poles and measure
east and west
Prime Meridian –zero degrees longitude
Using Latitude and Longitude
-Find the Latitude 30°N
-Find the Longitude 95°W
-What city is this point close to?
Earth’s Seven Continents
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Antarctica
North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia
Australia
Oceans
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Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Arctic
*Southern
Major Seas & Gulfs
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Mediterranean
Black Sea
Red Sea
Persian Gulf
Gulf of
Mexico
Major Mountain Ranges
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Himalayas
Rockies
Andes
Alps
Urals
Atlas
Appalachians
Major Rivers
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Mississippi
Rio Grande
St. Lawrence
Amazon
Nile
Rhine
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Danube
Tigris
Euphrates
Volga
Ganges
Yangtze
The Nile’s periodic flooding provided invaluable silt
for the ancient Egyptians
Layers of the Earth
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Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
or crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonic Theory: the
Earth’s lithosphere is
divided into large slabs of
rock known as tectonic
plates
Moved by convection in the mantle
Types of Plate Boundaries
Weathering
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Mechanical
• Breaking rock
into smaller rock
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Chemical
• Actually forming a
new substance
(like rust)
Hydrosphere
Tides and Currents
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Tides
• Bulges in the
ocean caused by
gravitational pull
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Currents
• Circulate warm
and cold water
that regulate the
Earth’s temp.
LAMECOWS
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Latitude
• Affects amount of sun radiation
• Zones of latitude (high, mid, low)
Air Pressure
• Caused by unequal heating of earth’s surface
• High=cold
• Low=warm
Mountain Barriers
• Rain shadow Effect: Mountains block wind and rain
Elevation
• Increase in elevation = Decrease in temperature
LAMECOWS
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Continental Location
• Coastline has a
stable temperature
• Interior of continent
has extreme
temperatures
(hotter & colder)
Ocean
Currents
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Wind
Belts
Storms
• Occur during low
pressure conditions
• Front = two air
masses with
different temps
meet
Wind Video
Seasons
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The earth’s tilt and revolution cause different parts of
the Earth, to receive different amounts of sunlight
Zones of Latitude
Climate Regions
Human-Environment Interaction
GIS and Disasters
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Systems that merge info from satellites &
land based sources
Helps pinpoint
hazards & warn
citizens/officials
of danger
GIS software commercial
What is Culture?
A peoples way of life…
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Customs
Roles
Institutions
Religions
Gender Roles
Family Structure
Language
Technology
Institutions
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Organizations developed to make
social roles clear
World Religions
Religion Video
Southwest Asia
Monotheistic Religions
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Judaism
• Oldest monotheistic
• Founded by Abraham
• Holy book is the Torah (1st 5 books of the old testament)
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Christianity
• Christians believe that Jesus was God’s son on Earth & died
for our sins
• Holy book is the Bible (old & new testament)
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Islam
• Founded by the prophet Muhammad
• Holy book is the Koran
• Follow the 5 pillars of faith
South Asian Religions
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Hinduism
• Oldest major religion
• Follows the caste system
Buddhism
• No god is worshiped
• The goal is to reach nirvana through the 8 fold
path
• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Sikhism
• Monotheistic
• Combine Hindu and Muslim beliefs
(believe in reincarnation, but also in one god)
Animism
Belief that many things in nature have
their own spirit
 Native Americans
 Japanese – Shinto
 Central Africa
Social Structure
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Social mobility –how
easy is it to improve
your social class?
Caste System
US Society
Multicultural Societies
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Ethnic Group
• Group sharing common ancestry &
common culture
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Homogeneous societies
• Almost everyone belongs to the
same ethnic group
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Multicultural or heterogeneous
• Mix of people and cultures
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The former Yugoslavia
Minority
• A group other than the dominate
group
• Ethnic prejudice
• Genocide or ethnic cleansing
Regions
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Cultural
• Characteristics of the people
living there
• Ex. The “middle east”
Formal
• Clear boundaries/borders
• Ex. The USA
Functional
• An area that works together
• Ex. Greater Houston area
Perceptual
• Based on people’s attitudes
& emotions
• Ex. “deep south” or “the
midwest”
Demography
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The study of populations, where and
why they settle
Factors
• Landforms
• Climate
• Nearness to water
• Natural resources
• Economies
• Technology
Industrialization & Urbanization
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Pre-industrial
• Nomads
• Agriculture
• Rise in urban-type cultures
After the industrial revolution
• Rapid urbanization
• Cities became more business oriented
Current Population Trends
• Massive population growth after the start of
the industrial revolution (1700- 1800’s)
• Spread of new and better medical practices
Population Density Maps
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Always make sure you
DOUBLE check you key!
Dot Population Map
Population Pyramids
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Shows age and sex distribution
Migration - Push & Pull Factors
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Social
• Religious
persecution
• Closer to family
Political
• Wars
• Citizens’ rights
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Economic
• New job
• Factory shuts down
Environmental
• Famine
Forced Migration
Cultural Diffusion &
Convergence
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Spatial exchange
• Ideas, products,
customs, etc. Spread
from place to another.
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Convergence
• Different cultures
become more similar
Silk Road
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Ancient trade route between east Asia and Europe
Columbian Exchange
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Diffusion that resulted from European voyages to
the Americas
Pandemics
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Widespread exchange of diseases
Plague Video
Recent examples of diffusion
and convergence
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Democratic ideas
• A large number of countries began to switch in the
mid 1980’s
English
• Many countries learn English as a second language
• More than a billion people understand English
New Technology
• With the internet, more and more people have
access to technology
Sports
• The Olympics and World cup soccer are just a few
worldwide sporting events
Cultural Divergence
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Different parts of a
cultural region are
exposed to different
influences & become
dissimilar
• Ex. The split of the
Roman empire with
exposure to the
Germanic tribes
• Ex. Rwanda with the
Belgium colonization
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Innovations through technology
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Transportation
• In the 1700’s the steam engine powered
ships and trains and drastically changed
travel
• The transcontinental railroad gave safer,
faster access to the west
• Cars and airplanes used the combustion
engine which was developed in the early
1900’s
Types of Governments
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Monarchy
• Royal family
• Constitutional Monarchy (Great Britain)
Republic
• No king/queen or dictator
• Democracy – people make decisions
• Direct & representative Democracies
Dictatorships
• Ruled by one person
• Totalitarian – total control
Theocracy
• Ruled by religious leaders
Nations
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Political Power
• Each government
establishes clear
boundaries over which it
asserts its authority
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Borders can change
with conflict p.243
• Ex. Poland
• Ex. Israel and Palestine
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Sovereign Government
• A government has the
final control over what
happens within it’s
borders
International Relations
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Balance of Power
• The idea that if a country becomes too
strong, the other countries will band
together against it
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United Nations
• The UN security council has the power
to send forces to areas of conflict
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European Union
• Created for ease of trade
• Common currency & support
United Nations
European Union
Nationalism
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The belief that each nation should
have it’s own government
Strong sense of pride in your country
Patriotism is the belief that we
should obey our nations laws and
rally to it’s defense
Economic Systems
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Traditional
Socialist
Communist
Free Enterprise, Free Market, or
Capitalism
Mixed Economies
Traditional
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Based on how ancestors
have meet their needs
Barter system
Subsistence agriculture
• Farming enough to feed
your family, not for
selling
Amish Farmers
Free Enterprise
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Supply and Demand drives the market
• When demand is high, sellers charge more $
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Little government regulation
Free Enterprise
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Producers struggle for the
dollars of consumers.
This competition regulates
price and brings better
quality products
It all happens without a
government plan. This
phenomenon is called “the
invisible hand”
Adam Smith
Communism
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Karl Marx
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All means of production are
controlled by the
government
Based off of Karl Marx’s idea
that capitalism put the
wealth in the hands of a few
Eliminates competition
which makes innovation
stagnate
Socialism
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Where the government controls
some major industries, but leaves
others for private business
Examples
• CITGO is the national oil company of
Venezuela
• Government run healthcare
Mixed Economies
There are very few, if any, economies
that aren’t mixed in some form
Continuum of Mixed Economies
Communist
Socialist
Iran
North Korea
Cuba
South Africa
France
China
Russia
Greece
Peru
Free Enterprise
United
Kingdom
Canada
Hong Kong
Singapore
United States
Source: 1999 Index of Economic Freedom, Bryan T. Johnson, Kim R. Holmes, and Melanie Kirkpatrick
Human Development Index
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Less
• Countries with lower standards of living
and less and less advanced technologies
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Mid or Newly Industrialized
• On the move from less developed to
more
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High
• Countries with more advanced
economies
Demographic Indicators
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Life expectancy
Mortality rates
Birth rates
Infant mortality rates
Countries that are less developed
usually have a lower life expectancy
and higher infant mortality
Economic Indicators
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GDP
• Total value of good and services produced by a
country
GDP per capita
• The average per person of the value of good and
services produced by a country
Others
• Cars
• Phones
• TVs
• Computers
Social/Political Indicators
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Literacy rates
Voting rights
Human rights
Tolerance for different points of view
Levels of Economic Activity
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Primary
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Secondary
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Tertiary
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Quaternary
Productive Resources
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Natural
• A huge advantage for countries who are rich in
natural resources
Human
• Some countries like China have a large
number of workers who are willing to work for
much lower wages
Capital
• Goods used to make other goods or services
• infrastructure
Entrepreneurship
• People who bring together the productive
resources
Trade
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Trade Agreements
• These reduce tariffs and
make trade easier
• NAFTA (North American
Free Trade Association)
• European Union
 Common currency
 Members can live and
work in any EU country
without restriction
Outsourcing
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Hiring other
companies, often
overseas, to provide
production services
outsourcing along
with free trade
agreements are a
big part of what
makes globalization
possible