Transcript Earth Science Study guide answers

Earth Science Study guide answers
• Nature of Science
The graph below shows the average monthly
temperatures at one location on Earth over a
three year period. What was the highest
recorded temperature?
Earth Science Study guide answers
• Nature of Science
The graph below shows the average monthly
temperatures at one location on Earth over a
three year period. What was the highest
recorded temperature? 80 degrees
In an experiment, a student filled one funnel with
clay and another with humus (dirt). She poured
one cup of water into the humus funnel and one
cup of maple syrup into the clay funnel. She
positioned the beakers to collect any liquids that
was not held by the clay or humus (dirt).
What did she do wrong in setting up this
experiment?
In an experiment, a student filled one funnel with
clay and another with humus (dirt). She poured
one cup of water into the humus funnel and one
cup of maple syrup into the clay funnel. She
positioned the beakers to collect any liquids that
was not held by the clay or humus (dirt).
What did she do wrong in setting up this
experiment?
The student should have used the same type
of liquid to pour through the humus.
Explain why scientists must repeat and
replicate experiments.
To verify data and to validate the
experiment
What are the steps in the scientific
method?
Observe and question, Hypothesize and
predict, test hypothesis, analyze results,
draw conclusions, communicate results
Why do scientific ideas change?
New knowledge leads to change.
NOS vocabulary words to know
What is the scientific method? Series of steps
scientist follow to solve problems
What is repetition?
When you repeat your experiment over again
What is replication?
When you replicate someone else’s
experiment to be sure the results are accurate
Atmosphere and Weather
Explain the Sun’s role in the water cycle.
The Sun is the energy source for the water cycle to
produce weather.
Explain the effects of ocean currents on climate.
Warm currents – warmer climate
Cold currents-- cooler climate
How are deep ocean currents formed?
Causes of currents are:
deep/density = temperature and salinity differences
Coastal climates will be warmer when
affected by warm ocean currents
What effect does Earth’s rotation have on global
wind patterns?
Rotation of the Earth on it’s axis causes global winds
to curve (Coriolis effect)
What affects the salinity of the ocean?
What factors influence ocean surface
temperature?
What affects the salinity of the ocean?
Temperature, rate of evaporation, amount of
rainfall, fresh water discharge, underwater
volcanoes, hydrothermal vents
Warm water evaporates more quickly and leaves
behind the salt making the ocean saltier in tropical
regions.
What factors influence
ocean surface
temperature?
Latitude and time of
year
Compare and contrast weather and climate.
WeatherClimate-
Compare and contrast weather and climate.
Basically the same except that
Weather- short term change in the atmosphere.
Climate- weather over a long period of time.
What components of the atmosphere protect life?
How do they protect life?
What components of the atmosphere protect life?
Ozone (carbon dioxide and water vapor)
How do they protect life?
Provides a UV layer/protection, greenhouse effect by
absorbing infrared radiation, warming the Earth’s
surface.
Create a diagram showing all of the parts of the
water cycle. Transpiration, evaporation,
condensation and precipitation
The transfer of the Sun’s energy is called radiation.
adv
Know how to read a weather map and
forecast future weather
adv
Know how to read a weather map and
forecast future weather
*Cold fronts- bring violent storms that
are followed by fair, cooler weather
*Warm fronts- bring rain and showers
followed by warmer, more humid
weather
Occluded fronts- usually produce light
rain or other precipitation
Stationary fronts- often bring many
days of almost continuous
precipitation
adv
How do hurricanes affect shorelines?
Hurricanes cause erosion and large amounts of sand
deposition which change the shoreline
adv
Explain how hurricanes are formed
adv
Explain how hurricanes are formed
•As warm, moist air rises, it cools, water
vapor condenses, and clouds form. As
more air rises, it creates an area of low
pressure over the ocean.
•As air continues to rise, a tropical
depression forms. Tropical depressions
bring thunderstorms with winds
between 37-62 km/h.
•Air continues to rise, rotating
counterclockwise. The storm builds to a
tropical storm with winds in excess of 63
km/h. It produces strong
thunderstorms.
•When winds exceed 119 km/h, the storm becomes a hurricane.
Only one percent of tropical storms become hurricanes.
adv
The source of moisture for the hurricane most
likely comes from evaporation of the ocean.
Earth’s Structure and Changes over
time
• Explain the difference between weathering and
erosion and how they affect coastlines.
Earth’s Structure and Changes over
time
• Explain the difference between weathering and
erosion and how they affect coastlines.
Weathering
Erosion by the action of waves
Rocks are broken down and
moved to different locations by
weathering and erosion.
A delta is formed at the mouth of a river by
the process of sediment deposition
The Grand Canyon was most likely
formed by weathering and erosion.
They form when underground caverns, which were
created by chemical weathering, collapse
Three Classifications of rock
Be able to read the Rock Cycle
Deforestation’s affect of Earth’s
surface is increased erosion.
How are sediments deposited?
Over time sediments become Sedimentary
rocks
Sediments are found in layers because during
deposition larger particles settle to the bottom
faster than smaller particles
Know layers of the Earth in correct order
Youngest layers are found closer to the surface
Fossil evidence of Earth’s organisms
are used to divide geologic time
Fossils used to divide geologic time
We study
fossils to learn
how living
things have
changed over
time.
Where would you most likely find
fossils?
Sedimentary rocks
Plate Tectonics
How are fossils used to support
Crustal Uplift: marine organisms found at higher levels
Theory of Continental drift: same fossil species found
on continents that appear to be once connected
Theory of Continental drift: same fossil species found
on continents that appear to be once connected
 The continents of
South America and
Africa were once
connected because
the Mesosaurus
fresh water fossil has
been found on both
continents.
Rocks and fossils
are the same where
the continents
appear to have once
fit together
Where do earthquakes and volcanoes
most often occur?
At tectonic plate boundaries
What ocean floor features are
found at divergent boundaries?
Be able to identify Mid ocean ridge from picture
Divergent/volcanoes
Trenches/ convergent
adv
What ocean floor features are found at
divergent boundaries?
At the mid-ocean ridge the oceanic crust on both sides of the ridge shows matching
patterns of reversed and normal polarity
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
At convergent boundaries where
subduction occurs volcanoes will form
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
Hot Spots are locations where volcanoes
form far from plate boundaries
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
Volcanoes form when molten
material reaches the surface
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
What are the processes which cause
volcanoes to form?
At divergent boundaries where sea floor
spreading occurs
Name the three types of boundaries
and the movement of each
Name the three types of boundaries
and the movement of each
Convergent boundaries
where two plates collide, the
denser plates sinks below the
more buoyant plate in a
process called subduction,
move together
Divergent- form where two
plates separate, move apart
Transform- form where two
plates slide past each other
adv
Explain how the interior of the Earth is
mapped
adv
Explain how the interior of the Earth is
mapped
Indirect methods, such as
studying deep mines and wells,
and analyzing earthquake waves
ASTRONOMY
• How are large distances in space measured?
• AU and Light years
• AU the distance from the Earth to the Sun
One astronomical unit is
equivalent to the distance
between the earth and the sun
Compare the sizes of the objects in the
universe.
PLANET SOLAR SYSTEM GALAXY UNIVERSE
Compare the sizes of the objects in the
universe.
GALAXY: A group of stars, gas and dust held
together by gravity
Stars with the hottest surface
temperature are blue-white
Describe the historical models of the
solar system
Describe the historical models of the solar
system
Geocentric: objects revolve around Earth
Heliocentric: objects revolve around the Sun
How does the planet’s period of
revolution relate with its year?
• Bigger the revolution, the longer the year
Explain the law of Universal Gravitation
• Every object attracts every other object because of
their masses and distance from each other
Describe planetary movement through
observation
How features on the sun and planets appear to move as the planets
rotate.
The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Sun is
greatest when the Earth is closest to the Sun.
Describe planetary movement through
observation
What is happening?
Describe how the Sun, Moon and
Earth affect the appearance of moon
phases, eclipses and tides
• Moon phases: know that there are 3-4 days
between each 8 phases, know waning and
waxing.
Describe how the Sun, Moon and
Earth affect the appearance of moon
phases, eclipses and tides
• Eclipses:
Describe how the Sun, Moon and
Earth affect the appearance of moon
phases, eclipses and tides
• Eclipses: Lunar eclipse the Earth is blocking the Sun
from shining on the Moon
Describe how the Sun, Moon and
Earth affect the appearance of moon
phases, eclipses and tides
• Eclipses: Solar eclipse, happens on a new moon
and the moon blocks the Sun
How does the moon affect events on
Earth?
• The gravitational attraction between the Earth
and the Moon causes tides.
Explain how technology is used to
explore space
• Space probes, rockets, and satellites are
launched into space to collect data