Transcript Chapter 10

Chapter 10: Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Housekeeping Items
►
We will cover Chapter 10 (Southeast Asia) today, and as much
of Oceania on Wednesday.
► The plan is to have the Jamaican music group present today and
the Indian food group on Wednesday. The last date for
assignments is April 27th, the last day of class.
► We will do an in-class final exam on the 27th, which will
encompass the chapters from SubSaharan Africa on. It will be a
mix of T/F, multiple choice, short answer, and essay, but with
more of the last two. We agreed to make the exam worth 15%,
so therefore the group projects and the mid-term or term paper
will now be worth 30% each. We will do the review on Easter
Monday!
► For a link on the current state of Japanese robots, see the
following, courtesy of Bruce: http://youtu.be/17A3wD6Vx7g.
See also the article on how Confucianism is making a comeback
in China.
I. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
► Many
place names are changing
 Away from colonially-inspired names
 Here we use new names
► Exception:
Burma
 Military dictatorship calls it Myanmar
 Population still prefers Burma
Map of Southeast Asia
Figure 10.1
A. Physical Patterns
► Landforms
 Region of peninsulas and islands
►Two
main peninsulas: Indochina and Malay
 Similar to South Asia, formed by tectonic stress
of Indian sub-continent hitting Eurasia
►Mountainous
with gorges carved by rivers
►Major rivers: Irrawaddy, Salween, Chao Phraya,
Mekong, Black, and Red
A. Physical Patterns
► Landforms
 Volcanic archipelagos
►Sumatra,
Java, and New Guinea
►Philippines
 Dangerous volcanic and tectonic action
 Tsunami 2004: 230,000 dead
 Creates new land
 Sundaland: now-submerged continental shelf
►Allowed
animals, people to cross to islands
Tsunami Damage in Banda Aceh
Sundaland 18,000 Years Ago
Figure 10.5
A. Physical Patterns
► Climate
 Tropical wet, mostly
►Rain
comes two ways: Monsoons and ITCZ
►El Niño can cause drought every 2-7 years
 Tropical soils are productive when undisturbed
►Once
cleared, not enough detritus to remain fertile
Climates of Southeast Asia
Figure 10.6
B. Human Patterns Over Time
► Peopling
of Southeast Asia
 40,000-60,000 years ago: Australo-Melanesians
►Hunter-gatherers;
can still be found in uplands
 10,000 years ago: Austronesians
►Farmers
► Cultural
and sea-farers
Influences
 Influences from the sea
►Islam
from the Mughals, Buddhism from China
B. Human Patterns Over Time
► Colonization
 Portuguese: Colonized Timor-Leste
 Spanish: Colonized the Philippines
 Dutch: Colonized Indonesia; highly economically
successful
 French: Colonized Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
 British: Colonized Burma
 Only independent country: Siam/Thailand
European and U.S. Colonies in
Southeast Asia
Figure 10.8
B. Human Patterns Over Time
► Struggles
for Independence
 World War II: formal end of European colonies
 1954: Dien Bien Phu
►Defeat
of French in Indochina, beginning of U.S. role
in Vietnam War (anti-communism)
 1975: End of Vietnam War, rise of Khmer Rouge
 Growth of some economies since 1960s
►Thailand,
Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines
►Neo-colonialism?
C. Population Patterns
► Twice
the pop. of U.S. in half the space
 60% live along coastlines, on floodplains, deltas
► 38%
urban, but rapidly growing
 Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok: rural migrants
► Some
low fertility rates: Singapore, Thailand
 Rapid economic rates, high literacy
 Still, young populations ensure growth
► HIV/AIDS
growing: ‘brothel’ culture
Population Density
Figure 10.10
TFRs and Population Pyramids
II. CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC ISSUES
► Similar
to Americas, Africa, and South Asia
 Impact of colonial rule
 Particular concerns:
►Uneven
development
►Social conflict in face of rapid change
►Environmental concerns
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Decline
of agriculture (1/6 of GDP)
 Still, 60% practice some form of agriculture
 Shifting cultivation in highlands, coastal regions
of islands
 Wet (or paddy) rice production: most productive
 Commercial farming for cash crops
►Combines
tracts, reduces labor
►Environmental damage
Agriculture in Southeast Asia
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Patterns
of Industrialization
 Light industry, with some advanced industry
(Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand)
 1970s: switch from import substitution to EPZs
►Free
trade zones with reduced taxes, regulation
►Southern Growth Triangle: Singapore-Johor-Riau
triad; exploits wage disparities across borders
►Repression of labor unions, feminization of labor
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Tourism
Development
 Fastest growing industry
►6%
of world’s total visitors, doubled from 1991-2001
 Vulnerable to natural and human disasters
 Threatens cultural heritage
 Sex Tourism
►Most
prominent in Thailand
►Growth of organized crime, coercion of girls, HIV
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Economic
Crisis and Recovery
 Deregulation of economies in late 1980s
►Flood
of investment, led to inflation of stock market
value; risky bank loans
 Crony capitalism: close relationships between government
and corporate leaders; bribery
►Flood
of investment recedes; IMF stabilization leads
to structural adjustment programs (1997)
 By 2006, mostly recovered
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Association
of Southeast Asian Nations
 Regional free trade organization, converted
from Cold War alliance
►Members
largely trade with developed states
because they all produce similar goods
►Focuses on non-confrontational accords
 E.g., Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Treaty
►Potential
free trade relationship with China
Imports To, and From, ASEAN
Figure 10.22
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Significant
barriers to democracy
 Socialist regimes control Laos, Cambodia,
Vietnam
 Military dictatorship in Burma (and sometimes in
Thailand)
 ‘Asian Values’ used to guard against democracy
 Economic progress not linked to political
progress
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Significant
barriers to democracy
 Political instability of Indonesia
►Vulnerable
to secession by ethnic groups
►Following example of Timor-Leste
 International terrorism
►Bombings
in Bali signified first experience with
international terrorism; since then several bombings
►Continued election of secular governments
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Cultural
pluralism
 Inhabited by many distinct groups
►Kept
that way by complex topography
►In urban areas, some homogenization ongoing
►Resettlement programs, migration contributing
►Still, 1000 of world’s 6000 languages spoken here
 Overseas Chinese: especially prominent
entrepreneurs
►Increasing
participation in civic affairs
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Religious
Pluralism
 Heavily influenced by outside religions brought
by traders
 Buddhism found on mainland, Islam on islands,
with exception of Philippines/Timor-Leste
(Catholicism)
 Some hybridization of religions
Religions of Southeast Asia
Figure 10.26
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Family,
Work, and Gender
 Newly married couple live with wife’s family
►Family
headed by oldest male
►Ritual avoidance: wife mediates between her
husband and father
 Women remain discriminated against in the
workplace
►However,
some countries’ women obtaining more
education than men
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Migration
 Rural-to-urban migration significant
►Displaced
farmers moving to primate cities
 Resettlement programs
►Moving
labor to resources; assimilation of provinces
 Extraregional migration results in remittances
►Remittances:
exchange
Philippines’ largest source of foreign
 Refugees from natural disasters or war
Indonesian Resettlement
Figure 10.29
The ‘Maid Trade’
Figure 10.30
C. Environmental Issues
► Resource
damage
dependency has resulted in
 ‘Development for whom?’
►Average
SE Asian: uses 67 pounds of paper
►Average European: uses 220-440 pounds
►Average Japanese: uses 500 pounds
►Average American: uses 690 pounds
Human Impact on Southeast Asia
C. Environmental Issues
► Deforestation
 second highest rate after sub-Saharan Africa
 ‘Cut and run’, illegal logging more common than
legal logging
 Growth of population fuels environmentally
destructive farming practices
►Erosion
of topsoil
Tropical Timber Production and
Exports, 2001-2002
Figure 10.33
C. Environmental Issues
► Mining
 Strip-mining to extract copper, silver, gold
 Lack of regulation, government complicity in
quelling protests
► Air
pollution
 Caused by fires set on logged forestland
D. Measures of Human Well-Being
► Widely
varying GDP per capita figures
 High: Singapore and Brunei
 Moderate: Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines
 Low: Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
► Wide
variety in women’s empowerment
► Low HDIs reflect low literacy figures
Human Well-Being Rankings
Table 10.4
III. SUBREGIONS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. Burma and Thailand
► Similar
environments, differing levels of
development
► Burma: Rich in natural resources (teak)
 Poor as a result of isolation, junta (opium)
► Thailand:
Rapid industrialization
 Growth, but rural inequality and urban slums
Inle Lake Market, Burma
Figure 10.37
B. Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
► Share
the Mekong River, colonial past
 Remain essentially Communist countries
► Vietnam:
most populous by far
 1980s: doi moi program marketized the
economy
 Low wages, rapid growth
►1
million new workers per year
Living in the Wetlands
C. Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei
► Most
economically successful countries
► Malaysia: 25 million people, many
ethnicities; success in assimilation
 Some conflicts with overseas Chinese
 Policy of Bumiputra
► Singapore:
Overwhelmingly Chinese
 Wealthy city-state: manufacturing, shipping,
finance
Wealth Disparity in Malaysia
Figure 10.41
D. Indonesia and Timor-Leste
► Indonesia:
product of imperialism
 Java and Sumatra: most productive islands
 Volcanic ash makes soil fertile
 Resettlement programs supported by Pancasila,
the policy of national cohesion
► Timor-Leste:
independence in 2002 after
rebellion from Indonesia
E. The Philippines
► 7000
islands; Luzon is largest
 Volcanic: eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991
► Former
U.S. protectorate (taken from Spain)
► Manila: capital, one of world’s largest cities
► Resettlement: attempts to assimilate
Muslims in the south
► Economic dominance of Chinese and
Spanish