Transcript Chapter 10
Chapter 10: Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Housekeeping Items
►
We will cover Chapter 10 (Southeast Asia) today, and as much
of Oceania on Wednesday.
► The plan is to have the Jamaican music group present today and
the Indian food group on Wednesday. The last date for
assignments is April 27th, the last day of class.
► We will do an in-class final exam on the 27th, which will
encompass the chapters from SubSaharan Africa on. It will be a
mix of T/F, multiple choice, short answer, and essay, but with
more of the last two. We agreed to make the exam worth 15%,
so therefore the group projects and the mid-term or term paper
will now be worth 30% each. We will do the review on Easter
Monday!
► For a link on the current state of Japanese robots, see the
following, courtesy of Bruce: http://youtu.be/17A3wD6Vx7g.
See also the article on how Confucianism is making a comeback
in China.
I. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
► Many
place names are changing
Away from colonially-inspired names
Here we use new names
► Exception:
Burma
Military dictatorship calls it Myanmar
Population still prefers Burma
Map of Southeast Asia
Figure 10.1
A. Physical Patterns
► Landforms
Region of peninsulas and islands
►Two
main peninsulas: Indochina and Malay
Similar to South Asia, formed by tectonic stress
of Indian sub-continent hitting Eurasia
►Mountainous
with gorges carved by rivers
►Major rivers: Irrawaddy, Salween, Chao Phraya,
Mekong, Black, and Red
A. Physical Patterns
► Landforms
Volcanic archipelagos
►Sumatra,
Java, and New Guinea
►Philippines
Dangerous volcanic and tectonic action
Tsunami 2004: 230,000 dead
Creates new land
Sundaland: now-submerged continental shelf
►Allowed
animals, people to cross to islands
Tsunami Damage in Banda Aceh
Sundaland 18,000 Years Ago
Figure 10.5
A. Physical Patterns
► Climate
Tropical wet, mostly
►Rain
comes two ways: Monsoons and ITCZ
►El Niño can cause drought every 2-7 years
Tropical soils are productive when undisturbed
►Once
cleared, not enough detritus to remain fertile
Climates of Southeast Asia
Figure 10.6
B. Human Patterns Over Time
► Peopling
of Southeast Asia
40,000-60,000 years ago: Australo-Melanesians
►Hunter-gatherers;
can still be found in uplands
10,000 years ago: Austronesians
►Farmers
► Cultural
and sea-farers
Influences
Influences from the sea
►Islam
from the Mughals, Buddhism from China
B. Human Patterns Over Time
► Colonization
Portuguese: Colonized Timor-Leste
Spanish: Colonized the Philippines
Dutch: Colonized Indonesia; highly economically
successful
French: Colonized Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
British: Colonized Burma
Only independent country: Siam/Thailand
European and U.S. Colonies in
Southeast Asia
Figure 10.8
B. Human Patterns Over Time
► Struggles
for Independence
World War II: formal end of European colonies
1954: Dien Bien Phu
►Defeat
of French in Indochina, beginning of U.S. role
in Vietnam War (anti-communism)
1975: End of Vietnam War, rise of Khmer Rouge
Growth of some economies since 1960s
►Thailand,
Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines
►Neo-colonialism?
C. Population Patterns
► Twice
the pop. of U.S. in half the space
60% live along coastlines, on floodplains, deltas
► 38%
urban, but rapidly growing
Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok: rural migrants
► Some
low fertility rates: Singapore, Thailand
Rapid economic rates, high literacy
Still, young populations ensure growth
► HIV/AIDS
growing: ‘brothel’ culture
Population Density
Figure 10.10
TFRs and Population Pyramids
II. CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC ISSUES
► Similar
to Americas, Africa, and South Asia
Impact of colonial rule
Particular concerns:
►Uneven
development
►Social conflict in face of rapid change
►Environmental concerns
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Decline
of agriculture (1/6 of GDP)
Still, 60% practice some form of agriculture
Shifting cultivation in highlands, coastal regions
of islands
Wet (or paddy) rice production: most productive
Commercial farming for cash crops
►Combines
tracts, reduces labor
►Environmental damage
Agriculture in Southeast Asia
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Patterns
of Industrialization
Light industry, with some advanced industry
(Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand)
1970s: switch from import substitution to EPZs
►Free
trade zones with reduced taxes, regulation
►Southern Growth Triangle: Singapore-Johor-Riau
triad; exploits wage disparities across borders
►Repression of labor unions, feminization of labor
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Tourism
Development
Fastest growing industry
►6%
of world’s total visitors, doubled from 1991-2001
Vulnerable to natural and human disasters
Threatens cultural heritage
Sex Tourism
►Most
prominent in Thailand
►Growth of organized crime, coercion of girls, HIV
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Economic
Crisis and Recovery
Deregulation of economies in late 1980s
►Flood
of investment, led to inflation of stock market
value; risky bank loans
Crony capitalism: close relationships between government
and corporate leaders; bribery
►Flood
of investment recedes; IMF stabilization leads
to structural adjustment programs (1997)
By 2006, mostly recovered
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Association
of Southeast Asian Nations
Regional free trade organization, converted
from Cold War alliance
►Members
largely trade with developed states
because they all produce similar goods
►Focuses on non-confrontational accords
E.g., Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Treaty
►Potential
free trade relationship with China
Imports To, and From, ASEAN
Figure 10.22
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Significant
barriers to democracy
Socialist regimes control Laos, Cambodia,
Vietnam
Military dictatorship in Burma (and sometimes in
Thailand)
‘Asian Values’ used to guard against democracy
Economic progress not linked to political
progress
A. Economic and Political Issues
► Significant
barriers to democracy
Political instability of Indonesia
►Vulnerable
to secession by ethnic groups
►Following example of Timor-Leste
International terrorism
►Bombings
in Bali signified first experience with
international terrorism; since then several bombings
►Continued election of secular governments
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Cultural
pluralism
Inhabited by many distinct groups
►Kept
that way by complex topography
►In urban areas, some homogenization ongoing
►Resettlement programs, migration contributing
►Still, 1000 of world’s 6000 languages spoken here
Overseas Chinese: especially prominent
entrepreneurs
►Increasing
participation in civic affairs
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Religious
Pluralism
Heavily influenced by outside religions brought
by traders
Buddhism found on mainland, Islam on islands,
with exception of Philippines/Timor-Leste
(Catholicism)
Some hybridization of religions
Religions of Southeast Asia
Figure 10.26
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Family,
Work, and Gender
Newly married couple live with wife’s family
►Family
headed by oldest male
►Ritual avoidance: wife mediates between her
husband and father
Women remain discriminated against in the
workplace
►However,
some countries’ women obtaining more
education than men
B. Sociocultural Issues
► Migration
Rural-to-urban migration significant
►Displaced
farmers moving to primate cities
Resettlement programs
►Moving
labor to resources; assimilation of provinces
Extraregional migration results in remittances
►Remittances:
exchange
Philippines’ largest source of foreign
Refugees from natural disasters or war
Indonesian Resettlement
Figure 10.29
The ‘Maid Trade’
Figure 10.30
C. Environmental Issues
► Resource
damage
dependency has resulted in
‘Development for whom?’
►Average
SE Asian: uses 67 pounds of paper
►Average European: uses 220-440 pounds
►Average Japanese: uses 500 pounds
►Average American: uses 690 pounds
Human Impact on Southeast Asia
C. Environmental Issues
► Deforestation
second highest rate after sub-Saharan Africa
‘Cut and run’, illegal logging more common than
legal logging
Growth of population fuels environmentally
destructive farming practices
►Erosion
of topsoil
Tropical Timber Production and
Exports, 2001-2002
Figure 10.33
C. Environmental Issues
► Mining
Strip-mining to extract copper, silver, gold
Lack of regulation, government complicity in
quelling protests
► Air
pollution
Caused by fires set on logged forestland
D. Measures of Human Well-Being
► Widely
varying GDP per capita figures
High: Singapore and Brunei
Moderate: Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines
Low: Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
► Wide
variety in women’s empowerment
► Low HDIs reflect low literacy figures
Human Well-Being Rankings
Table 10.4
III. SUBREGIONS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. Burma and Thailand
► Similar
environments, differing levels of
development
► Burma: Rich in natural resources (teak)
Poor as a result of isolation, junta (opium)
► Thailand:
Rapid industrialization
Growth, but rural inequality and urban slums
Inle Lake Market, Burma
Figure 10.37
B. Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
► Share
the Mekong River, colonial past
Remain essentially Communist countries
► Vietnam:
most populous by far
1980s: doi moi program marketized the
economy
Low wages, rapid growth
►1
million new workers per year
Living in the Wetlands
C. Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei
► Most
economically successful countries
► Malaysia: 25 million people, many
ethnicities; success in assimilation
Some conflicts with overseas Chinese
Policy of Bumiputra
► Singapore:
Overwhelmingly Chinese
Wealthy city-state: manufacturing, shipping,
finance
Wealth Disparity in Malaysia
Figure 10.41
D. Indonesia and Timor-Leste
► Indonesia:
product of imperialism
Java and Sumatra: most productive islands
Volcanic ash makes soil fertile
Resettlement programs supported by Pancasila,
the policy of national cohesion
► Timor-Leste:
independence in 2002 after
rebellion from Indonesia
E. The Philippines
► 7000
islands; Luzon is largest
Volcanic: eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991
► Former
U.S. protectorate (taken from Spain)
► Manila: capital, one of world’s largest cities
► Resettlement: attempts to assimilate
Muslims in the south
► Economic dominance of Chinese and
Spanish