Transcript Migration and industrial accidents

Displaced by the State:
The Case of Resettlement
Environment and Migration
Introduction: The Rebels of Vendée
Impacts & Population Displacement
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
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• Climate Change Induces Displacement
• Impact (e.g. flood, sea level rise) resulting in migration
• Adaptation Related Infrastructure Induces Displacement
• e.g. Dam, dyke or water transfer canal construction
• Displacement in anticipation of climate impacts
• In climate hot-spots e.g.
Source: Castro et al. 2009 IHDP Open Meeting Presentation
Climate-Demography Vulnerability
Index
Source: Samson, J., D. Berteaux, B.J. McGill and M.M. Humphries. 2011. Geographic disparities and moral hazards
in the 11
predicted impacts of climate change on human populations. Global Ecology and Biogeography
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00632.x
Likely Impacts of Climate Change Requiring
Adaptation Infrastructure
Impact
Potential Adaptation Response
Sea level rise, salt-water
intrusion
Sea walls, dykes, freshwater injection facilities
Decreasing water availability,
increasing droughts
Dams, irrigation works, water transfer schemes,
desalination plants
Increasing water availability,
increasing floods
Dams, dykes, levees, flood control infrastructure
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Climate Change Mitigation Projects
Objective
Potential Mitigation Response
Reduce GHG emissions
Hydroelectric facilities, large-scale wind farms
Develop biofuels
Biofuel plantations (jatropha, sugar cane, soy, corn)
Increase “sinks” for GHGs
Forest plantations
Geoengineering
Injecting H2S or SO2 high in the stratosphere,
tampering with ocean albedo, and possibly terrestrial
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Resettlement Is Already Occurring
Desertification
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Inner Mongolia: China’s “ecological reinstallation” program aims to fight
desertification in drought-prone grasslands by sedenterizing pastoralists
River Basins/Coastal
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Mekong: Vietnam has moved communities from river bank to areas further back
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Zambezi: Mozambique has promoted voluntary resettlement from flood plain to
higher ground
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Alaska: Indigenous communities along the coast
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Coastal Honduras: Garifuna communities settled inland
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Murik Lakes, PNG: Failed resettlement related to SLR
SISes
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Maldives: Government promotes resettlement from outer islands to principal
islands
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Carteret Islands, PNG: Failed resettlement related to SLR
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Kiribati: Buying land in Fiji
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Learning from the Three-Gorges Dam
Needs (1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Legal protections: Establish legal frameworks for climate
change resettlement to protect welfare and human rights of
affected populations
Participation: Involvement of affected communities, in both
source and destination areas, in assessments and decisions
regarding resettlement locations, compensation, and
development programs
Equity: The process needs to be fair and equitable for the
community, with every effort made to improve livelihoods
Capacity building: Interdisciplinary training for resettlement
professionals that includes economics, anthropology, public
health, and case studies
Needs (2)
5.
6.
7.
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Impact assessments: Baseline environmental, health, and
social IAs to establish benchmarks for evaluating resettlement
performance through monitoring and evaluation programs
Research: Research to adapt existing knowledge on
resettlement to the special case of climate related
resettlement, with particular reference to disaster-related
resettlement and learning from incipient climate-related
resettlement
Finance: Establishment of financial mechanisms for capacity
building and anticipatory planning in developing countries
exposed most to climate risks, with joint funding by donors
and the exposed countries themselves, since many M&A
projects will not generate revenues that could offset costs
Conclusions
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Resettlement should be a last resort in climate adaptation, but
the reality is that it is already occurring in some countries and
this trend is likely to intensify.
We can learn from past mistakes
Managing risk is going to be increasingly central in a 2+ or 4+
degree world
Expect the unexpected: Many of the most damaging impacts
of large infrastructure and DFDR are unforeseen
Need to evaluate pros and cons of different models
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Laissez-faire approach (e.g. US post-Katrina, many developing countries)
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Top-down “environmental migration” approach of China
Resettlement of refugee communities (US and Australia)
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