Transcript Mining
Review of Geologic Processes and Non-Renewable Resources Sections of the Earth Inner Core: innermost solid zone of ?? And ?? Outer core that liquid …. Sections of the Earth Inner Core: innermost solid zone of Iron and Ni Outer core that liquid Iron and Nickel (1)??? includes two main parts: Lithosphere and the asthenosphere Asthenosphere: lower mantle-a region of molten, liquid-like rock. (2)??: upper mantle solid rock also called the crust. 2 types Oceanic Crust/ Continental Crust Mantle: includes two main parts: Lithosphere and the asthenosphere Asthenosphere: lower mantle-a region of molten, liquid-like rock. Lithosphere: upper mantle solid rock also called the crust. 2 types Oceanic Crust/ Continental Crust Convection Currents Cause Plates to move at D????? plate boundaries…how? Rising hot magma moves to the surface of the earth and cools then sinks…creating a current of magma. Mechanism for Continental Drift Convection Currents Cause Plates to move at DIVERGENT plate boundaries…how? Rising hot magma moves to the surface of the earth and cools then sinks…creating a current of magma. Mechanism for Continental Drift The 15 Main Plates of the world 3 types of Plate Boundaries 1- 2- 3- 3 types of Plate Boundaries Transform plate Boundary The San Andreas Fault 3 types of Convergent Plate boundaries Ocean to Ocean Island of J??? Ocean to Continental West coast of California and S. America Continental to Continental H???? Mountains 3 types of Convergent Plate boundaries Ocean to Ocean Island of Japan Ocean to Continental West coast of California and S. America Continental to Continental Himalayan Mountains Continental to Oceanic Crust and/or Ocean to Ocean Crust make what? Continental to Oceanic Crust and/or Ocean to Ocean Crust make Volcanoes Divergent Plate Boundaries Mid-Atlantic Ridge shows sea-floor spreading Middle of the Red Sea Great Rift Valley of Africa What are Hot spots? A stationary pool of ??????? that reaches the surface of the lithosphere. The H?????? Island have a gentle curve to them b/c of the movement of the plates to the NW What are Hot spots? A stationary pool of magma that reaches the surface of the lithosphere. The Hawaiian Island have a gentle curve to them b/c of the movement of the plates to the NW Yellowstone….another Hot Spot Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Continental Drift Movement of earth’s plates 1. recycles the planet’s crust over geologic time. 2. Creates volcanoes, earthquakes and mountains 3. Rocks and lava emitted from volcanoes help produce rich soils. C???? drift explains the current day global distribution of plants and animals, and has allowed for speciation. Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Continental Drift Movement of earth’s plates 1. recycles the planet’s crust over geologic time. 2. Creates volcanoes, earthquakes and mountains 3. Rocks and lava emitted from volcanoes help produce rich soils. Continental drift explains the current day global distribution of plants and animals, and has allowed for speciation. Volcanoes- 3 main types An opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface. Shield- gentle sloping, quiet eruptions found in Hawaii (1)?? violent eruptions, steep sided Composite- violent and quiet eruptions, not as steep as (1) Volcanoes- 3 main types An opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface. Shield- gentle sloping, quiet eruptions found in Hawaii Cinder Cone- violent eruptions, steep sided Composite- violent and quiet eruptions, not as steep as Cinder cone Cinder Cone Capulin Volcano cinder cone, New Mexico. Shield volcanoes Composite Volcano Mt. Ranier, Mt. Saint Helens- Washington Wearing Down and Building Up the Earth’s Surface Weathering is an external process that wears the earth’s surface down. . 1- 2- 3- 3 types of weathering Wearing Down and Building Up the Earth’s Surface Weathering is an external process that wears the earth’s surface down. 3 types of weathering . MINERALS, ROCKS, AND THE ROCK CYCLE The earth’s crust consists of solid inorganic elements and compounds called minerals that can sometimes be used as resources. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) Metallic Minerals (aluminum, iron, copper) Nonmetallic Minerals (sand, gravel, limestone). How are Rocks, minerals and Ores made…. THE Rock Cycle The interaction of physical and chemical processes that changes rocks from one type to another. Takes millions of years The slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes. Rocks Rocks: solid combination of one or more minerals that is part of the earth’s crust. 3 types (1)?? formed by heat and pressure lots of layering –foliated (slate no layering- non-foliated (coal) G???, m??? (2)??: Made from other sediments s??? (3)?? Rocks come from volanoes Intrusive and extrusive G????/P??? Rocks Rocks: solid combination of one or more minerals that is part of the earth’s crust. 3 types Metamorphic formed by heat and pressure lots of layering –foliated (slate no layering- non-foliated (coal) Gneiss, marble Sedimentary: Made from other sediments sandstone Igneous Rocks come from volanoes Intrusive and extrusive Granite/pumice Name these compounds? an element or inorganic cmpds. That occur naturally with a crystalline structure. Minerals an element or inorganic cmpds. That occur naturally with a crystalline structure. Name this type of compound Peruvian silver ----- with Rhodochrosite • • • a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral - the mineral is often a metal - can be mined and processed to extract the desired mineral. ORE Peruvian silver ORE with Rhodochrosite • • • a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral - the mineral is often a metal - can be mined and processed to extract the desired mineral. How do you remove minerals and ores? (1)?? extracts about 90% of nonfuel mineral and rock resources and 60% of coal used in the United States. How? Equipment strips away the overburden of soil and rock and discards the waste rock into piles called spoils or tailings. The unwanted material is called the g????? and the wanted is called the ore mineral. Several types…. How do you remove minerals and ores? Surface Mining extracts about 90% of nonfuel mineral and rock resources and 60% of coal used in the United States. How? 1. Equipment strips away the overburden of soil and rock and discards the waste rock into piles called spoils or tailings. The unwanted material is called the gangue and the wanted is called the ore mineral. Several types…. 1. ??? Mining Machines dig holes and remove ores, sand, gravel, and stone Toxic groundwater can accumulate at the bottom. 1. Open-pit Mining Machines dig holes and remove ores, sand, gravel, and stone Toxic groundwater can accumulate at the bottom. 2. ???? Mining Earth movers strips away overburden, and giant shovels removes mineral deposit. Often leaves highly erodible hills of rubble called spoil banks. 2. Area Strip Mining Earth movers strips away overburden, and giant shovels removes mineral deposit. Often leaves highly erodible hills of rubble called spoil banks. 3. ???? Mining Used on hilly or mountainous terrain. Unless the land is restored, a wall of dirt is left in front of a highly erodible bank called a highwall 3. Contour Strip Mining Used on hilly or mountainous terrain. Unless the land is restored, a wall of dirt is left in front of a highly erodible bank called a highwall 4. ??? Removal Machinery removes the tops of mountains to expose coal. The resulting waste rock and dirt are dumped into the streams and valleys below. 4. Mountaintop Removal Machinery removes the tops of mountains to expose coal. The resulting waste rock and dirt are dumped into the streams and valleys below. So happens to these barren lands? What Act of 1977 requires mining companies to restore surface mined lands by re-grading and replanting them. Efforts usually only partially successful and can take decades. So happens to these barren lands? The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires mining companies to restore surface mined lands by re-grading and replanting them. Efforts usually only partially successful and can take decades. There is also this type??? Mining Remove coal and metal ores that are too deep to be extracted by surface mining. Subsurface mining disturbs less than 1/10th as much land as surface mining and usually produces less waste material. It is more expensive and dangerous than surface mining (cave-ins, explosions, fires, black lung.) There is also Subsurface Mining Remove coal and metal ores that are too deep to be extracted by surface mining. Subsurface mining disturbs less than 1/10th as much land as surface mining and usually produces less waste material. It is more expensive and dangerous than surface mining (cave-ins, explosions, fires, black lung.) Mining harms the environment in a number of ways. 1. 2. 3. Scarring and disrupting the land surface. Collapse of land above underground mines. Mining produces ?? of all U.S. solid waste Mining harms the environment in a number of ways. 1. 2. 3. Scarring and disrupting the land surface. Collapse of land above underground mines. Mining produces ¾ of all U.S. solid waste Other Environmental results of mining 4. Leaching of toxic chemicals into ground or groundwater 5. Toxin-laced mining wastes can be blown or deposited elsewhere by wind or water erosion leads to????? Occurs when rainwater seeping through a mine or mine waste carries sulfuric acid to nearby streams and groundwater. Other Environmental results of mining 4. Leaching of toxic chemicals into ground or groundwater 5. Toxin-laced mining wastes can be blown or deposited elsewhere by wind or water erosion. ACID MINE DRAINAGE Occurs when rainwater seeping through a mine or mine waste carries sulfuric acid to nearby streams and groundwater.