Transcript Element Approx.

Minerals
Earth’s Materials
OVERVIEW
What is everything made of?
MATTER
has
VOLUME
has
is made of
ELEMENTS
are different kinds of
ATOMS
combine to make
COMPOUNDS
(minerals)
MASS
Periodic Table of the Elements
Where did H and He come from?
Where did the rest of the elements come
from?
Each atom is unique
an atom of Nitrogen
Different atoms can stick together by sharing or
stealing electrons
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Most common elements in Earth’s crust
Element
Oxygen (O)
Silicon (Si)
Aluminum (Al)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Others
Approx. %
46.6
27.7
8.1
5.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.7
A Mineral is...
•naturally occurring, not synthetic
•solid at Earth’s temps.
•structured, atoms repeat a pattern
(like a salt crystal)
•made of two or more elements
(chemical composition)
A Mineral is...
•inorganic (no Carbon), except for
shells of marine animals
Crystalline Structure
Halite
NaCl
Definite chemical
composition
Na is Sodium
Cl is Chlorine
A Mineral is...
•a necessary ingredient in all the
things humans use, from makeup
to electronics
Mineral Formation
•crystallization: when magma
cools, elements combine to form
crystals (the same way water turns
into ice)
some minerals form in rocks
magma is
molten rock
Crystallization
Mineral Formation
•precipitation: when water
evaporates, dissolved elements
form minerals (crusty residue is
left behind)
Precipitation
Mineral Formation
• pressure and temperature:
existing minerals can change if
pressure and temp. are applied
with pressure and
temp.Talc
becomes...
Muscovite
Mineral Formation
• hydrothermal solution: when hot
mixtures of water and dissolved
elements touch minerals, new
minerals form
Hydrothermal
Solution
(Vanadinite)
Vanadinite is the result of
vanadium rich
hydrothermal solutions in
the oxidation zone of lead
sulphide deposits.
...more Hydrothermal Solution minerals
Blue mineral is
Bornite
Pyrite is fool’s gold
Mineral Groups (chemical
composition)
•Silicates: most common, made of
silicon and oxygen, silicon-oxygen
tetrahedron (four sides)
SiO4 Tetrahedron has four
faces;
Si atom in the middle of 4
Oxygen atoms
Purple Quartz
Mineral Groups
• Carbonates: contain carbon, oxygen, and
metals, used in construction (marble and
limestone)
Calcite
CaCO3 makes limestone
Mineral Groups
• Oxides: contain oxygen and a
metal
• Sulfates and Sulfides: contain
sulfur
Anhydrite
CaSO4
Mineral Groups
• Halides:contain a halogen (group
17) plus one or more elements
Halides
Flourite
CaF2
Mineral Groups
• Native Elements: exist in pure
form, gold, silver, copper, sulfur,
and carbon
Diamond
Graphite
Pros vs Cons
• Pros: mineral extraction provides
materials necessary for humans, sold
for money, provides jobs
• Cons: mineral extraction is destructive
to Earth’s landscape (digging and
mining), causes pollution, it took millions
of years for Earth to produce but
humans are taking minerals out of
Earth’s crust at a fast rate
60 second summary
Review #1 Matter is made of
_______.
๏atoms
Review #2 Different kinds of
atoms bond to make
_______.
๏compounds
Review #3 Minerals are
made in a factory. (T or F)
๏False, natural
Review #4 Minerals are
solids. (T or F)
๏True
Review #5 It is impossible to
determine what a mineral is
made of. (T or F)
๏False
Review #6 For minerals to form on
top of other minerals, which 2
conditions must be present?
๏pressure and temp.
Review #7 As magma cools
and atoms combine in a
specific order, we call this
________.
๏crystallization
Review #8 Minerals can
form when water evaporates
and leaves solids behind,
we call this ...
๏precipitation
Review #9 Minerals are grouped
based on what the mineral is ...
๏what the mineral is made of
(chemical composition)