Transcript Διαφάνεια 1 - Contemporary Journalism

Geological disasters
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
…occurs when :
1. Natural geological processes impact
on our activities,
2. Geological disasters however, still
inflict a major economic and social
cost to the province.
3. Such disasters are to differing
degrees avoidable or preventable, if
they are identified quite early!
The Province of
Newfoundland and
Labrador is fortunate in
that.
Such impacts are minor
compared to many other
parts of the world.
A geological hazard is a
potential disaster. This is
mainly due to its situation :
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A. In a inactive seismic area,
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B. Because of low population
density.
Newfoundland and Labrador’s inhabitants,
can be traced back over 9,000 years to the
Maritime Archaic Indians, appropriately
named due to their reliance on the sea.
Over the years, they were displaced by
the Palaeoeskimo people, theInnui
L’nu, and
Innuit in Labrador and the Beothuks on
Newfoundland. Newfoundland and
Labrador was the first area of North
America's Atlanticcoastline to be
explored byEuropeans, beginning with
the Vikings in 1001.
Innui
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British explorer, John Cabot, arrived in
Newfoundland at Bonavista in 1497 and
claimed the land as a British colony for
King Henry VIII.
The non-Italian forms are not wrong.
They reflect the way contemporary 15thcentury documents described him.
In 1610, the first colony was established
at Cupids by London and Bristol
merchants.
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A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's
surface or crust, which allows hot magna, volcanic
ash and gases to escape from below the surface.
Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic
plates are diverging or converging.
Volcanoes are usually not created, where two
tectonic plates slide past one another.
Volcanoes can also form, where there is stretching
and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of
plates. This type of volcanism falls under the
umbrella of "Plate hypothesis“.
The word volcano is derived
from the name of Vulcano, a
volcanic island in the Aeolian
Islands of Italy, whose name
in turn originates from Vulcan,
the name of a god of fire in
Roman mythology
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1. Large magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Dike
7. Layers of ash emitted by the
volcano
8. Flank 9. Layers of lava
emitted by the volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14. Crater
15. Ash cloud
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Satellite image of Thera, November 21, 2000
This eruption was one of
the largest volcanic events
on Earth in recorded
history .
The eruption devastated
the island of Thera
(Santorini) including the
Minoan settlement at
Akrotiri - as well as
communities and
agricultural areas on
nearby islands and on the
coast of Crete.
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The eruption
seems to have
inspired certain
Greek myths and
may have caused
turmoil in Egypt.[
Additionally, it
has been
speculated that the
Minoan eruption
and the
destruction of the
city at Akrotiri ,
provided the basis
inspired Plato’s
story of Atlantis
For over two thousand years,
the story of Atlantis
was just a story.
Then, in the late 1800s,
an American named Ignatius Donnelly
became fascinated with the story
and wrote a book called Atlantis,
the Antediluvian World, which became a bestseller.
Ignatius studied flood history
from Egypt to Mexico
and believed that Plato was recording
an actual natural disaster.
Since then, several books have been written about the lost
city.
Read more: http://www.kidzworld.com/article/960history-the-lost-city-of-atlantis#ixzz1IYCQoj6j
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In Plato's account,
Atlantis was a naval power
lying "in front of the Pillars
of Hercules"
that conquered
many parts of Western
Europe and Africa,
9,000 years before the time
of Solon, or approximately
9600 BC.
After a failed attempt to
invade Athens,
Atlantis sank into the ocean
"in a single day and night of
misfortune".
Plato, describes the Atlantians as great engineers and
architects.
There were palaces, harbors, temples and docks.
The capital city was built on a hill and surrounded by rings
of water,
which were joined by tunnels large enough for a ship to
sail through.
A huge canal connected the outer rings of water to the
ocean.
On the outskirts of the capital city there were huge fields,
where farmers grew the city's food.
Past the field there were mountains where wealthy
villagers lived. Plato goes great detail about the amazing
buildings - complete with hot and cold fountains, shared
dining halls and stone walls covered with precious metals.
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Scholars dispute whether and
how much Plato's story was
inspired by older traditions.
Some scholars argue Plato drew
upon memories of past events
such as the Thera eruption or
the Trojan War, while others
insist, that] he took inspiration
from contemporary events like
the destruction of Helike in 373
b.c, or the failed Athenian
invasion of Sicily in 415–413 BC
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Athanasius Kircher's map of Atlantis,
in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
From Mundus Subterraneus 1669,
published in Amsterdam.
The map is oriented with south at the top.
Atlantis (in Greek, Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, “Is the island
of Atlas") is a legendary island first mentioned in
Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias.
An earthquake
(also known as a quake, tremor or temblor)
is the result of a sudden release of energy
in the Earth's crust, that creates seismic waves.
 The seismicity or seismic activity
of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of
earthquakes experienced over a period of time.
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Earthquakes are measured using observations
from seismometers.
The moment magnitude ( similar over the
range of validity of the Richter scale) of an
earthquake is conventionally reported.
With magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes, being
mostly almost imperceptible.
Magnitude 7 and over potentially causing
serious damage over large areas, depending on
their depth.
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The Richter magnitude scale, also known as
the local magnitude (ML) scale, assigns a single
number to quantify the amount of seismic
energy released by an earthquake.
For example, an earthquake that measures 5.0
on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude
10.
The effective -upper limit of measurement- for
local magnitude ML is just below 9 for local
magnitudes and just below 10 for moment
magnitude when applied to large earthquakes
The largest earthquakes, in historic
times, have been of magnitude
slightly over 9. Although, there is
no limit to the possible magnitude.
 The most recent large earthquake
of magnitude 9.0 or larger, was the
earthquake in Japan in the 11th of
March 2011.
 It was the largest Japanese
earthquake, since records began.
Intensity of shaking is measured on
the modified Mercalli scale.
 The shallower an earthquake, costs
more damage to structures. All else
being equal.
Floods
Limnic eruptions
Tsunamis
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Flash flooding caused
by heavy rain falling in a
short amount of time.
A flood is an overflow of an
expanse
of water that
submerges land.
The EU Floods directive
defines a flood as a
temporary covering by water
of land not
normally covered by water.
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Flooding may result from the volume of water
within a body of water, such as a river or lake,
which overflows or breaks levees, with the
result that some of the water, escapes its usual
boundaries.
The size of a lake or other body of water will
vary with seasonal changes.
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Glyfada & Syngrou
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A parking lot sign
tops the flood waters
of Elbe river in
Meissen, Germany, 16
August 2010.
Elbe river gauge
amounted to 4.84
metres: means 2.84
metres above normal
water level.
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A limnic eruption -also referred
to as a lake overturn- is a rare
type of natural disaster in which
carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly
erupts from deep lake water,
suffocating wildlife, livestock
and humans.
Such an eruption may also
cause tsunami, in the lake as
the rising CO2 displaces water.
Scientists believe landslides,
volcanic activity, or explosions
can trigger, such an eruption.
Lakes in which such activity
occurs may be known as
limnically active lakes or exploding
lakes. Some features of
limnically active lakes include:
CO2-saturated incoming water
Some features of limnically active lakes
include:
CO2-saturated incoming water
A cool lake bottom indicating an absence of
direct volcanic interaction with lake waters
An upper and lower thermal layer with
differing CO2 saturations.
Proximity to areas with volcanic activity,
scientists have recently determined, from
investigations into the mass casualties in the
1980s at Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos, that
limnic eruptions and volcanic eruptions,
although indirectly related, are actually
separate types of disaster events.
On August 15, 1984, the lake exploded in a
limnic eruption, which resulted in the release
of a large amount of carbon dioxide, that
killed 37 people.
At first, the cause of the deaths was a
mystery, and causes such as terrorism were
suspected. Further investigation and a similar
event- two years later- at Lake Nyos led to
the currently accepted explanation.
Nyos , is a deep lake [208 m] ,
high on the flank of an inactive
volcano, in the Oku volcanic
plain, along the Cameroon line
of volcanic activity. A natural
dam of volcanic rock contains
the lake waters.
Fire, in its most common form, as a
result in conflagration, which has the
potential to cause physical damage,
through burning.
Fire is an important process, that
affects ecological systems, across the
globe. The positive effects of fire
include stimulating growth and
maintaining various ecological
systems.
The negative effects of fire, include:
1. increased water purity, 2.
2. increased soil erosion,
3. increase in atmospheric pollutants,
4. increased hazard to human life.
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Fires start, when a flammable material, in combination with a
sufficient quantity of an oxidizer, such as oxygen gas, is exposed
to a source of heat and is able to sustain , a rate of rapid oxidation,
that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called: The fire
tetrahedron:
Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the
right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start
burning, only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions.
Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, which enables the
reactants to combust more readily.
June 28, 2007:
It is perceived to have been started by either an
exploding electrical pylon or by arsonists.
Significant parts of the Parnitha National Park
were destroyed. In total, the fire burnt 15,723 acres
(63.6 km2) of the core of the national forest, in few
days. This is one of the worst recorded wildfires in
Attica since the Penteli fire of July 1995.
The magnitude of the devastation was unforeseen.
Environmental studies in Greece report that the
Athenian microclimate will significantly change to
warmer, during the summer, and flooding is now a
very probable danger for the northern suburbs of
the city.
Mount Parnitha was considered the lungs of
Athens. Following its considerable burning, both the
city and local flora and fauna are expected to feel
the consequences. Other affected areas included :
Pelion, Agia and Melivoia.
11 July 2007
A fire sparked, at a garbage dump, near at Skiathos and
spread across the island.
Residents and tourists were forced to evacuate to nearby
Troulos and returned after the fire was put out.
More than 100 fires were reported by July 15, 2007, in such
locations as Keratea outside of Athens, Peloponnese, and on
the Aegean islands of Andros, Evia, Lesbos, and Samos, as
well as Crete and the Ionian island of Kefalonia.
20 July 2007
In Peloponnese, a fire which started from the mountains over
the town of Aigio expanded rapidly towards Diakopto and
Akrata, destroyed a large area of forests and cultivated land. In
the same fire many villages were totally or partiallly burned,
resulting in the loss of 230 houses, 10 churches; three people
lost their lives. A 26-year old farmer and a 77-year old woman
were arrested on suspicion of arson concerning the fires in
Aigio and Diakopto. The farmer confessed and is currently held
in prison
August 17, 2007
Fires started to burn on the outskirts of Athens. The fire
started from Mt. Penteli, burning down towards the
suburbs. More than sixty fire engines, nineteen planes
and helicopters, and hundreds of firefighters, as well as
locals attempted to hold back the fire. Melisia, Vrilisia, and
Penteli city were affected. The fire was put out, once winds
calmed down.
On August 24, 2007,
fires broke out in Peloponnese, Attica and Euboea. In
Peloponnese, the fire burnt many villages and
accounted for 60 deaths. Six people were reported to
have been killed in the town of Areopoli.In Zacharo,
one of the worst hit areas, at least 30 people were
found dead by firefighters while searching burning cars
and homes.
Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis declared a state of
emergency for the whole country and requested help
from fellow members of the European Union. Multiple countries
responded to the call. 1,000 military personnel involved in the
August 26 2007
Olympia, site of the ancient
Olympics and World Heritage Site,
was evacuated. Fears were
expressed for the survival of the
ruins of ancient Olympia lying near
the raging fire. The famous statue
of Hermes of Praxitelis and nearby
antiquities were spared from the
fire, but the yard of the museum,
where the statue is housed was
scorched. According to the official
statement no serious damage was
caused to the antiquities.
The fire burnt all the trees
on the hilltop above, and
an area of open space
adjacent to the Olympic
Academy.
The fire did not damage
the archaeological
museum, nor the several
ancient structures in the
area.
“ The wider archaeological space of
Olympia remains intact,"
Diclared the former minister of
culture.
Despite the Minister's claims, it has
been established, that the afflicted
damage is of greater importance and
scale; the sacred Hill of Kronos was
totally burnt during the blaze.
The hill was left blackened, but soon
reforested. New Culture Minister
stated that 3,200 bushes and
saplings planted on the Hill of
Kronos, and the area to its previous
The games were held every four years,
beginning on the second or third full moon
after the summer solstice— so, sometime in
late July or August.
Originally, they lasted only one day and
consisted of a single event, a footrace
known as the stadion, but by 472 BC the
competitions had been considerably
expanded and the festival had been
extended to five days.
From the time of the seventh Olympiad (748
BC) onwards the prize was a kotinos, a
garland of wild olive, from a sacred tree
which grew on the site.
The branch was cut by a boy whose parents were still both living—
evidently a fertility rite of some antiquity. The games were staged
without interruption for almost twelve hundred years until they were
abolished, along with all of the other pagan cults, by the emperor
Theodosius in 393 BC.
1st of September
The fires continued to burn into early
September. On September 1, 2007,
firefighters were still suppressing a
strong blaze in Peloponnese. Three
blazes remained, with the fires
destructive path continuing in Arcadia
and Mt. Parnon in Laconia. Then, on
September 3, 2007 a lightning strike
started a new fire on Mt. Vermion, which
was soon brought under control by
firefighters. On September 5 the death
toll reached 67, and on September 21
reached 68.
Blizzards /Cyclonic storms/Droughts
Hailstorms/Tornadoes
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A blizzard is a severe snowstorm, characterized by strong winds.
By definition, the difference between blizzard and a snowstorm is
the strength of the wind.
To be a blizzard, a snow storm must have winds in excess of
56 km/h (35 mph) with blowing
or drifting snow which reduces visibility to 400 meters or less and
must last for a certain period of time — typically three hours or
more.
 Ground blizzards require high winds to stir up
already fallen snow.
 Blizzards can paralyze regions for days at a
time, particularly where snowfall is unusual or
rare.
 The 1972 Iran blizzard, which caused
approximately 4000 deaths, was the deadliest
in recorded history.
 A week-long period of low temperatures and
winter storms, lasting from February 3 to
February 9, 1972, dumped more than ten feet
(three metres) of snow across rural areas in
northwestern, central and southern Iran.
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Anthropogenic environmental disasters
1. Bhopal: the Union Carbide gas leak
2. Chernobyl: Russian nuclear power plant
explosion
3. Seveso: Italian dioxin crisis
4. The 1952 London smog disaster
5. Major oil spills of the 20th and 21st century
6. The Love Canal chemical waste dump
7. The Baia Mare cyanide spill
8. The European BSE crisis
9. Spanish waste water spill
10. The Three Mile Island near nuclear disaster
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…is the world's worst industrial catastrophe.
, It occurred on the night of December 2–3, 1984 at the Union
Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
A leak of gas and other chemicals, from the plant resulted in the
exposure of hundreds of thousands of people.
1. The official immediate death toll was 2,259
2. The government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of
3,787 deaths related to the gas release.
3.Others estimate that 3,000 died within weeks and that another
8,000 have since died from gas-related diseases.
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2. Russian nuclear power plant
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The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident that occurred
around 12:37 pm, July 10, 1976, in a small chemical manufacturing
plant approximately 15 km north of Milan in the Lombardy region
in Italy.
It resulted in the highest known exposure to
2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential
populations
which gave rise to numerous scientific studies and standars
industrial safety regulations.
The EU industrial safety regulations are known as the Seveso II
Directive.
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The safety operations handled by the company's
directors and local government were badly
coordinated and to some extent incompetent.
At least a week passed before it was publicly stated
that dioxin had been emitted and another week passed
before evacuation began.
Few scientific studies had confirmed the level of
danger TCDD posed.
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As a result the local population was caught
unaware when the accident happened and in
such an insecure situation became very
frightened.
Confrontation with an invisible poison possibly
extremely hazardous to human health was a
very traumatic experience for small rural
communities
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The weather in Greater London had been unusually cold for
several weeks leading up to the event.
Because of the cold weather, households were burning more coal
than usual to keep warm.
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The smoke from approximately one million coal-fired
stoves, in addition to the emissions from local
Industry, was released into the atmosphere.
Increases in smoke and sulfur emissions from the
combustion of coal, had been occurring since the
Industrial Revolution and the British were familiar
with these types of smog events.
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At times, the smoke
and emissions were so
heavy that residents
referred to the events
as ‘pea soupers’
because the fog was as
dense as pea soup.
However, while the
area had experienced
heavy smog in the
past, no event had
caused such problems
as the weather event in
December, 1952.
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The smog-related deaths
were primarily attributed to pneumonia, bronchitis,
tuberculosis, and heart failure.
Many with preexisting conditions,
including asthma, died of respiratory distress.
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Many others died of cardiac
distress and asphyxiation. Nonfatal health effects from the
smog included short-term chest
pains, lung inflammation and
diminished breathing ability,
damaged respiratory cells,
permanent lung damage, and
increased incidence of asthma
attacks. It is also thought that
the smog could have increased
the population’s risk of cancer.
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The smog-related deaths spurred the British
government to take action and clean up the
nation’s air. Society was becoming aware of the
connection between fuel combustion,
atmospheric pollution, and damages to public
health.
The 1956 Clean Air Act gave local governments
the authority to provide funds to households to
convert their coal-fired heaters for use of
cleaner sources of energy such as gas, oil,
smokeless coal, or electricity.
The Amoco Cadiz
encountered stormy
weather and ran
aground off the coast of
Brittany, France on
March 16, 1978. Its
entire cargo of 68.7
million gallons of oil
spilled into the sea,
polluting about 200
miles of Brittany's
coastline.
On December 15, 1976, the Argo
Merchant ran aground on Fishing Rip
(Nantucket Shoals), 29 nautical miles
southeast of Nantucket Island,
Massachusetts in high winds and ten
foot seas.
Six days later, the vessel broke apart
and spilled its entire cargo of 7.7
million gallons of No. 6 fuel oil.
On August 10, 1993,
three ships collided in Tampa
Bay,
Florida:
the
barge
Bouchard 155,
the freighter Balsa 37,
and the barge Ocean 255.
The Bouchard 155 spilled an
estimated 336,000 gallons of
No. 6 fuel oil into Tampa Bay.
On March 6, 1990, the Cibro Savannah
exploded and caught fire while departing
the pier at the Citgo facility in Linden, New
Jersey.
About 127,000 gallons of oil remained
unaccounted for after the incident. No one
knows how much oil burned and how much
spilled into the environment
On November 1, 1979, the Burmah Agate
collided with the freighter Mimosa
southeast of Galveston Entrance in the
Gulf of Mexico. The collision caused an
explosion and a fire on the Burmah Agate
that burned until January 8, 1980. An
estimated 2.6 million gallons of oil were
released into the environment, and another
7.8 million gallons were consumed by the
fire.
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez
ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince
William Sound, Alaska.
The tanker was traveling outside the
normal shipping lanes in an attempt to
avoid ice.
It spilled 10.8 million gallons of oil (out of
a total cargo of 53 million gallons) into
the marine environment, and impacted
more than 1,100 miles of non-continuous
Alaskan coastline.
State and Federal agencies continue to
monitor the effects of this spill, which
was the largest oil spill in U.S. history
The 2-mile-deep exploratory well, Ixtoc I,
blew out on June 3, 1979 in the Bay of
Campeche off Ciudad del Carmen,
Mexico. The water depth at the wellhead
site is about 50 m (164 feet).
By the time the well was brought under
control in March, 1980, an estimated 140
million gallons of oil had spilled into the
bay.
The Ixtoc I spill is currently #2 on the alltime list of largest oil spills of all time.
On September 16, 1990, the tank
vessel Jupiter was offloading
gasoline at a refinery on the
Saginaw River near Bay City,
Michigan, when a fire started on
board and the vessel exploded
The Megaborg released
5.1 million gallons of oil
as the result of a
lightering accident and
subsequent fire.
The incident occurred 60
nautical
miles
southsoutheast of Galveston,
Texas on June 8, 1990.
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An environmental disaster is a disaster to the natural
environment due to human activity.
It should not be confused with the separate concept of
a natural disaster.
disaster is a natural or man-made hazard that has
come to causing:
1. Significant physical damage
2. destruction,
3.loss of life,
4 .drastic change to the environment.
A disaster can be defined, as any other tragic event with
great loss stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods,
catastrophic accidents, fires, explosions of volcanoes.
Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake,
remembered as one of the worst natural disasters
in United States history
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Developing countries
suffer the greatest
costs when a disaster
hits – more than 95
percent of all deaths
caused by disasters
occur in developing
countries, and losses
due to natural
disasters are 20 times
greater (as a
percentage of GDP)
in developing
countries than in
industrialized
countries.
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…have been studying
disasters for more
than a century…
The studies reflect a
common opinion that:
All disaster can been
seen as:
Being human-made,
B. Their reasoning as
being human actions
C. Can prevent a hazard
developing into a
disaster.
D. All disasters are the
result of human
failure to introduce
appropriate disaster
management
A.
NATURAL
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Hazards are divided
into :
A. Natural
B. Human-made,
C. Complex disasters,
where there is no single
root cause, are more
common in developing
countries.
INCREASES THE IMPACT…
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A specific disaster may
spawn a secondary
disaster that increases
the impact.
A classic example is an
earthquake :
A. Causes a tsunami,
B. Coastal flooding.
Natural disaster…
…is a consequence when a natural hazard as ,
1. volcanic eruption
2. earthquake
3. Human vulnerability
4. lack of appropriate emergency management,
leads:
a. to financial environmental impact
b. To human impact.
THE NATURAL
HAZARDS
Various disasters like:
 1. Earthquake,
 2. Volcanic eruptions,
 3. Flood
 4. Cyclones
are natural hazards that kill
thousands of people and
destroy billions of dollars
of habitat and property
each year
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THE RAPID GROWTH
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The rapid growth of the
world's population and
its increased
concentration often in
hazardous environment
has escalated both the
frequency and severity
of natural disasters.
Asia on the top
With:
the tropical climate
the unstable land forms,
the deforestation,
the unplanned growth of people
The non-engineered constructions which make the disasterprone areas mere vulnerable,
With
the tardy communication,
the poor allocation for disaster prevention,
developing countries suffer more by natural disasters.
Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disaster.
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it may not be possible
to control nature and to
stop the development
of natural phenomena,
but the efforts could be
made to avoid:
A. Disasters
B. Minimize their
effects on human lives,
infrastructure and
property.
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The General Assembly of
the United Nations to
proclaim 1990s, as the
International Decade for
Natural Disaster Reduction
(IDNDR) through a
resolution 44/236 of
December 22, 1989 to focus
on all issues related to
natural disaster reduction.
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In spite of IDNDR,
there had been a
string of major
disaster throughout
the decade.
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Nevertheless, by
establishing the rich
disaster
management related
traditions and by
spreading public
awareness the
IDNDR provided
required stimulus
for disaster
reduction.
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However, it is possible
to reduce the impact of
disasters by adopting
suitable disaster
mitigation strategies. :
1. Minimize the
potential risks by
developing disaster
early warning strategies
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2. Prepare and
implement
developmental plans to
provide resilience to
such disasters,
3. mobilize resources
including
communication and
tele-medicinal services
4. to help in
rehabilitation and postdisaster reduction.
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5. Prepare and
implement
developmental plans to
provide resilience to such
disasters,
6. Mobilize resources
including
communication and telemedicinal services
to help in rehabilitation
and post-disaster
reduction.
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7. The local
communities at the
time of disaster
or before the disaster
make groups for
helping the people
from suffering during
the disaster.
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These groups include:
1. First Aid group,
2.Health group,
3.Food and Welfare group
They have to be all well
trained by some local
community members.
All the groups are sent for
helping any other local
community , that is suffering
from a disaster.
What they have to do:
1. They migrate the people
from the area affected from
disaster, to safe regions.
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2. They provide shelter and
every possible facilities by
those local management
communities.
Today, Government is also
making effort to provide
good facilities during the
disaster.
An example:
In India, in the rural areas,
the community(group of
families) are choosing a
leader and developing their
Disaster management skills
to protect themselves and
other local communities as
well.
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They are given shelter and
every possible facilities by
those local management
communities. Today,
Government is also making
effort to provide good
facilities during the disaster.
In India, in the rural areas,
the community(group of
families) are choosing a
leader and developing their
Disaster management skills
to protect themselves and
other local communities as
well.
Defining an emergency
…the
incident should be:
1. Immediately threatening to life
2. health,
3. property
4 . environment.
Have already caused:
1. loss of life,
2. health detriments,
3. property damage
4. environmental damage
]
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The emergency services agree on
protecting :
1.human life
2. health,
3.property,
The environmental impacts are not
considered sufficiently important by
some agencies This also extends to
areas such as animal welfare, where
some emergency organisations
cover this element through the
'property' definition, where animals
owned by a person are threatened.
This does not cover wild animals).
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This means that some
agencies will not mount
an 'emergency' response
where it endangers wild
animals or environment.
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Although others will
respond to such
incidents (such as oil
spills at sea that
threaten marine life).
The attitude of the
agencies involved is
likely to reflect the
predominant opinion of
the government of the
area.
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Most
developed
countries
operate emergency with :
A. B. Police – who deal :
1.with
security
[
personproperty],
2.
Deal with punishment of
those who cause an emergency
through their actions.
B. Fire service :
1. – who deal with harmful fires,
2. rescue operations such as
dealing
with
road
traffic
collisions.
Their actions help to prevent loss
of life, damage to health and
damage to or loss of property.
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– These services attempt
to reduce loss of life or
damage to health.
This service is likely to
be decisive in attempts
to prevent loss of life
and damage to health.
In some areas
"Emergency Medical
Service" is abbreviated
to simply EMS.
[emergency medical
service]
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There are many
protocols apply in an
emergency, which
usually start with
planning before an
emergency occurs.
1. One commonly
used system for
demonstrating the
phases is shown here
on the right.
The planning phase starts on
how they will respond to a
given incident or set of
circumstances, include:
1.
command
2.
control,
3. division of activities
between agencies.
They have to work all as a team.
The have to establish an official
rest centre for victims of a
disaster.
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