Transcript 2016 Chapter 21 East Africa PowerPoint Lecture for Graphic

Chapter
21 East
Africa
Environmental Characteristics:
• Tropical and temperate
savanna
• Tropical rainforest
• Great Rift Valley
• Very Dry (lower-lying lands of
northern Kenya and Greater
Somalia are )
Positive Attributes:
• Good cattle lands
• Great lakes (Albert,
Tanganyika, Malawi,
Victoria)
• Coastal Region (ideal for
trade)
Challenging Attributes:
• Unreliable rainfall
• Constant fear of drought
• Famine
• War and civil unrest
• No regional community
(The Horn)
The Great Rift Valley
The Great Rift
Valley
• Located in Eastern Africa
• Largest Rift Valley in the
world
• Caused by the diverging
Indian Tectonic Plate
• Surrounding lakes and
rivers are very deep
Great Rift Valley
• A rift valley is a crack in the Earth’s surface and is a defining feature of
the East African landscape.
• The Great Rift Valley is made up of two branches.
• The Western Rift Valley cuts through Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and
Uganda.
• The Western Rift Valley is where Lake Tanganyika is found, which is one
of the longest and deepest freshwater lakes in the world.
• The Eastern Rift Valley cuts through Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia.
• The Eastern Rift Valley has Africa’s two major mountains: Kilimanjaro
and Kenya.
# 4,000 miles long
# The Great Rift Valley is rich in
minerals and metals
# Good soil for farming
# Because of volcanic ash there are
well preserved bones and the
world’s oldest human fossils have
been found there
Mountains of East Africa
Volcanoes
• Near rift valleys
• Eastern Congo
• Mt. Kenya
• Mt. Kilimanjaro…
Mountains
• Sub-Saharan Africa does not have large mountain ranges, but
there are several tall mountains that are volcanoes.
• In East Africa, the mountains are found in the Eastern
Highlands, part of the Ethiopian Plateau.
• The tallest mountain is Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania at 19,341
feet.
• The second tallest mountain is Mt. Kenya at 17,058 feet.
Mount Kilimanjaro
Africa’s most recognized
feature
Tallest mountain in Africa
Famous snow cap is disappearing
(Will be gone in a few years)
Mount Kilimanjaro:
• Africa’s highest mountain
at 19,341 feet
• Located on the Equator in
Tanzania near Kenya
• Formed by volcanic
activity from the Great
Rift Valley
• Only year round snow
capped mountain in Africa
• Known in Swahili as
“Shining Mountain”
Mt. Kenya
Ruwenzori Mountains
• This is another mountain
range found in East Africa.
• It divides Uganda and the
Democratic Republic of the
Congo.
• This mountain range is
covered with snow and
cloaked in clouds.
• It’s nickname is the
“Mountains of the Moon.”
Lakes of East Africa
Rift Valleys
Often have long, narrow lakes
Lake Victoria
Africa’s largest lake by area
largest tropical lake in the world
world's second largest
freshwater lake by surface area
Africa's largest inland fishery
Lake Victoria
• Second largest freshwater lake in the world
• Covers an areas of 26,828 square miles.
• It is located along the borders of Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya between the
Eastern and Western Rift Valleys.
• It was formed over 10,000 years ago.
• Lake Victoria lies at the headwaters of the White Nile River.
• It is a shallow lake with a depth of only 270 feet.
• Has provided means of transportation between Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania
with ferry ports in each country.
• It is nearly twice the size of Lake Tanganyika.
Lake Victoria
• Located in the middle of the Great
Rift Valley of Eastern Africa
• It is a shallow depression
• Largest lake in Africa
Lake Tanganyika
• Is found in the Western Rift Valley.
• It is one of the deepest freshwater lakes in the
world.
• It is located between Tanzania and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• Both Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika are
surrounded by rich soil and are known for
abundant fishing.
• These characteristics have resulted in the area
around both lakes to be heavily populated.
Lake Turkana
• It is found in Kenya along the northern
border in Ethiopia.
• It is a source of growing wind-power and
hydroelectric industries in Kenya.
• Lake Turkana has rocky shores in the east
and south due to volcanic outcrops.
• It lies in a part of the Eastern Rift Valley
that get little rain, so it is surrounded by
desert.
• The lake had once been part of a larger
lake, but due to desertification, it has
shrank.
• In the west and north, the lake is marked
by sand dunes, sandpits, and mudflats.
Lake Turkana
Plateaus
Continent of Plateaus
• Africa as a continent is often described as
“One big Plateau”
• Coastal plains go 20 miles inland.
• Africa is a series of plateau after plateau &
in between there are escarpments.
• The East African plateaus range in
elevation from 500 feet to 8,000 feet or
more.
• Escarpments- steep cliffs or slopes
• Due to the plateaus and escarpments of
East Africa, the rivers are known to have
many cataracts (rapids) and large
waterfalls.
Plateau’s Impact on Rivers
•Depth varies depending on the season-if it’s
the rainy season or the dry season
•Plateaus prevent easy navigation due to
water falls.
•Therefore, the interior of Africa remained
largely unexplored
Example of East African River: The Nile
• Nile River –
• world’s longest (4,000 + miles)
• Sources: White Nile (Uganda) &
Blue Nile (Ethiopian highlands)
• flows into the Mediterranean
Plateau’s Impact on Rivers
• The rivers in SubSaharan Africa
are difficult to
navigate because
they have many
waterfalls and
rapids.
Blue Nile Falls
Ethiopian Plateau
A rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia
Sometimes called the “Roof of Africa”
Includes gorges, river channels, and
AMBAS, steep-sided flat-topped lands.
Contain grasslands, woodlands and
desert areas
Ethiopian Highlands
• Canyons carved by water
Highland’s Climate
• Moderate climate with comfortable temperatures and adequate
rainfall.
• Good for farming.
• Lower temperatures than savanna due to the high elevation.
• So snow is common at the higher elevations.
• Has green farmlands and protected forests.
Savanna
Savanna
• Tropical grasslands with scattered trees.
• Rainfall is seasonal alternating between rainy and dry seasons.
• The wettest areas are closest to the equator---there are six months of almost
daily rainfall followed by six months of dry seasons.
• The annual rainfall is about 35 to 45 inches.
• This area is found in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi.
• The soil is the savanna is not very fertile.
The African Savanna:
13 million sq. mi.
Tropical Wet & Dry Climate: The
African Savanna
#The savanna is the largest climate
zone in Africa covering over ½ of the
continent
#Unpredictable rainfall can lead to
drought (long periods with little or no
rain)
Serengeti Plain
• One of the world’s largest savanna plains
• There are three types of grasses found here: short,
medium, and tall.
• These grasslands make up a suitable home for millions of
animals like zebras, gazelles, hyenas, lions, giraffes, and
cheetahs.
Serengeti Plains
 hosts the largest
mammal migration
in the world
 contains several national parks and
game reserves
 diverse species due to diverse
habitats ranging from riverine forests,
swamps, grasslands and woodlands
Savanna
• Today, the plains boast a wide range of cultures, from Maasai nomads
to Kikuyu farmers and Dorobo hunter-gatherers.
• For thousands of years, the region's rhythm of life remained
unchanged.
• But now, sporadic droughts, soil erosion and overgrazing are tiring
the land out, while demands on it from impoverished human
populations continue to grow.
Maasai: Nomadic Herding
Tribe in Savannah
Savanna
• Maasai
• Nomadic Herding of Cattle
Characteristics of Maasai
• Semi-nomadic pastoralists
• Southern Kenya and northern Tanzania
• Tropical Savannah Climate
• Semi-arid lands
• 61-74 degree F
• 20-40 inches rain (November – May)
These are
Maasai
warriors
They wear a
distinctive
red checked
blanket
(shuka)
They protect their
tribe, their cattle and
their grazing lands.
These are
Maasai
warriors
Aged 14, boys
leave the village
and look after
cattle far from
the village for as
much as 8 years
They return as
warriors. They
return to get
married.
Modern Maasai
• Reduced territory, less grazing land
• Conflict with farmers
• > sedentism(since they are no longer truly nomadic due
to the reduced territory) this has lead to a poor diet and
lifestyle
• Access to seasonal wetlands
• Have to migrate with cattle
• Politically marginalized
• Forced to adopt non-pastoralist economic activities
Natural Resources of East
Africa
Natural Resources
• Tanzania: major gold and natural gas deposits, diamonds, and tanzanite
• Ethiopia: gold
• Uganda: copper
• Kenya: minerals like soda ash used for glassmaking and agriculture
• Burundi: agriculture and known for its coffee
• Rwanda: agriculture and natural gas
• Tourism: waterfalls like Victoria Falls, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, going on a
safari in the savanna
Resources:
• Cattle
• Iron
• Oil
• Copper
• Gold
• Uranium (Somalia)
• Diamonds (Tanzania)
• Steel
East African Economies
• Farming
• 70% rural
• Cash crops: coffee, tea, sugar
• Dependent on world market
• Tourism
• Wildlife parks
• Game reserves
Farming and Tourism
• East Africa is more than 70% rural
• East Africa relies on cash crops such as
coffee, tea, and sugar which are grown
for direct sale.
• Agricultural production has decreased
over recent years…why?
• Tourism is also a money maker in East
Africa. Many lands have been turned
into national parks to secure the land
and safety of animals. How does this
interfere with agriculture?
?
Main Idea 1:
National parks are a major source of income for Tanzania and
Kenya.
More than 2 million tourists visit Tanzania and Kenya
each year. One popular reason for visiting is the
safari, an overland journey to view wildlife.
Tanzania is rich in gold and diamonds.
Farming is the major activity in both countries.
Some people want to farm on national park land,
but that would hurt tourism and endanger wildlife.
Kenya also produces geothermal energy, energy
produced from the heat of Earth’s interior.