Transcript building elevation

WINNING THE GLOBAL WAR
AGAINST APATHY AND
IGNORANCE
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NOW IS A GOOD TIME TO
MAKE OUR WORLD
DISASTER RESILIENT
We can do it through the convergence
of realistic thinking and strategic
actions that are based on improving
community preparedness, protection,
response, and recovery.
STATUS OF THE WORLD AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY
• 7 billion people, and counting
• Living and competing in an
interconnected global economy
• Producing $60 trillion of products
• Facing many complex problems
(e,g.,5 E’s and 2 S’s)
OUR COMPLEX GLOBAL PROBLEMS AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY
•Conflict and terrorism
•Health care
• Chronic hunger
• Increasing risk of pandemic disease
• Large-scale migration of people
• Environmental degradation
• Increased impacts of natural hazards
• Threats related to global climate change
THE REALITY OF THE 21ST
CENTURY
Unless we devise and implement
a realistic, new strategy, OUR
problems may grow worse
rapidly, and all of us may share in
the blame for an unnecessary
reduction in the quality of life on
Planet Earth.
THE FRAMEWORK OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE PROVIDES WORTHY GOALS
•To protect and preserve the
environment
• To build capacity for disaster
resilience
• To inform, educate, and train
• To build equity in all communities in
all regions of the World
WE KNOW WHAT TO DO, SO JUST
DO IT!
• Working strategically, we can
implement a realistic set of
scientific, technical, and political
solutions--- within OUR
administrative, legal, and economic
constraints, --- and become disaster
resilient.
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
CASE HISTORIES
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO
NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
ANY COMMUNITY CAN EVALUATE THE
VULNERABILITY OF ITS BUILDINGS
• An Incremental Process
CLARIFY
VULNERABILTIES
INDENTIFY
OPTIONS
IMPLEMENT
BEST SOLUTION
INITATE
ACTIONS
OPTIMIZE
EVALUATE
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
• The following graphic
characterizations of building
vulnerability to earthquake
ground shaking were developed
by an insurance company and
provided to facilitate education
and training.
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
• Horizontal and vertical
changes in symmetry, mass,
and stiffness will increase a
building’s vulnerability to
ground shaking
AN IMPORTANT NOTE
• NOTE: The local site geology
and the construction materials
are key parameters in
controlling a building’s
performance; analysis of their
effects is NOT considered here.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-2
Box
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non-structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation
and structure. XCracks around
windows.
DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA
ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL
CHANGES: CHINA
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1
Pyramid
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4-6
Inverted Pyramid
Top heavy,
asymmetrical structure
may fail at foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5-6
“L”- Shaped Building
Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
mass, stiffness and
damping may cause
failure where lower
and upper structures
join.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3-5
Inverted “T”
Vertical transition and
asymmetry may cause
failure where lower
part is attached to
tower.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2-3
Multiple Setbacks
Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
damping may cause
failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4-5
Overhang
Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
may fail at transition
point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6-7
Partial “Soft” Story
Horizontal and vertical
transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure on soft
side of first floor;
rocking and
overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 10
“Soft” First Floor
Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
may cause failure on
transition points
between first and
second floors.
THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY
BUILDING IN TURKEY
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 10
Combination of “Soft”
Story and Overhang
Horizontal and vertical
transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure at
transition points and
possible overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
10
Building on Sloping
Ground
Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
columns may cause
failure of columns at
foundation and/or
contact points with
structure.
SOFT STORY BUILDING ON
SLOPING GROUND: CHINA
TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
TUSCALOOSA, AL: EF5 STORM
WITH 466 KPH (280 MPH) WINDS
APRIL 27, 2011
TUSCALOOSA, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PRATT CITY, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PRATT CITY, AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PRATT CITY; AL: APRIL 27, 2011
PLEASANT GROVE, AL:
APRIL 27, 2011
DEBRIS ACROSS HIGHWAY
MOUNT KARANGETANG
ERUPTS
The 1,784 m
(5,853 ft)
volcano, which
is one of
Indonesia’s 129
active volcanoes, is located
on Siau.
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
NATURAL HAZARDS FOR WHICH
EVACUATION IS TYPICAL
FLOODS
GOAL: MOVE PEOPLE OUT
OF HARM’S WAY
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR
SAVING LIVES, BUT LOW
BEMEFIT/COST FOR
PROTECTING PROPERTY
HURRICANES
TYPHOONS
TSUNAMIS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
WILDFIRES
CHRONOLOGY OF THE
STORM
• Starts in Oklahoma late
Thursday (April 14)
• Moves to Arkansas on Friday
(April 15)
• Impacts Mississippi and
Alabama
TECTONICS OF INDONESIA
REGION
• The Australian and Eurasian
plates meet in Indonesia,
creating a tectonic setting
favorable for generating
earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions.
Indonesia has 129 active
volcanoes, with two of the most
active ones — Mount Kelut and
Mount Merapi — on the island
of Java, where the Indonesian
capital, Jakarta, is.
SENSITIZED BY THE 2004 TSUNAMI
DISASTER, INDONESIANS HEEDED THE
WARNING
This time, the
tsunami that
inundated towns,
immobilized air
ports, destroyed
buildings, and killed
1,000’s in Japan,
WAS NOT DEADLY
in Indonesia.
IN 2004, TSUNAMI WAVES REACHED BANDA
ACHE IN1/2 HOUR, THEN TRAVERSED THE
INDIAN OCEAN
12 COUNTRIES ADJACENT TO THE
INDIAN OCEAN WERE IMPACTED
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• THE TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED BY
A SHALLOW, M 9.3 EARTHQUAKE
LOCATED 260 KM (155 MI) FROM
BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• THE TSUNAMI WAVES HAD
HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND
RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON
THE COAST LINES OF 12 NATIONS
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• THE EXISTING TSUNAMI WARNING
SYSTEM WAS INEFFECTIVE IN
2004
• RESULT: LITTLE OR NO
EVACUATION
THE 2004 EXPERIENCE
• AN EXTIMATED 220,000
PEOPLE WERE KILLED
(120,000 IN INDONESIA) AND
500,000 WERE INJURED IN 12
COUNTRIES BORDERING THE
INDIAN OCEAN