Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Elements
The elements, alone
or in combinations,
make up our
bodies, our world,
our sun, and in
fact, the entire
universe.
Periodic Table
 Information about an element can be gathered
from its position on the period table.
Periodic Table
Metals
Properties of Metals
Metals appear to the left of the dark ziz-zag line.
Most metals are solid at room temperature however
Hg is liquid.
Properties of Metals
Metals have
luster. This
means they are
shiny
Properties of Metals
Ductile
metals can be
drawn into wire.
Properties of Metals
Malleable
metals can
be
hammered
into sheets
Properties of Metals
Metals have a high melting point.
Some are very dense.
Magnetic properties – Fe, Co, Ni, Nd
Properties of Metals
Conductors
Metals are
good
conductors
of electricity
and heat
Properties of Metals
Chemical properties:
 React by losing
electrons to other
atoms
 corrosion
 may be very
reactive-family 1 or
lack reactivity like
Au
ALKALI METALS
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Group 1 – soft and shiny
React by losing 1 electron, never found uncombined in nature
Na and K important elements for life
Li – batteries and some medicines
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
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Fairly hard, gray-white, good conductors of electricity
React by losing 2 electrons
More reactive than most metals but less than family 1
Mg and Ca most common
TRANSITION METALS
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Hard, shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity
Many form colorful compounds
Less reactive; used in jewelry
Fe – essential for hemoglobin production
METALS in groups 13-15
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Less reactive
AL used in cans and airplanes
Sn – thin coating protects steel from corrosion
Pb (poisonous) used in batteries
LANTHANIDES
• Soft, shiny, malleable metals with high conductivity
• Used in alloys with more common elements
• Found together in nature; difficult to separate
because they share common properties
ACTINIDES
• Ac, Th, Pa, and U are found in nature
• All others are synthetic elements made in
particle accelerators
Nonmetals
Properties of Nonmetals
 Nonmetals are found to the right of the dark
zig-zag .
 Hydrogen, found above family 1 is a nonmetal.
 Many nonmetals are gases at room
temperature. (Br is a liquid.)
Properties of Nonmetals
Nonmetals do
not have
luster; they
are dull.
Properties of Nonmetals
Brittle
Nonmetals are
brittle so they
break easily.
This means
nonmetals ARE
NOT ductile or
malleable.
Properties of Nonmetals
Nonmetals
have low
density.
Properties of Nonmetals
 have a low
melting point.
 are poor
conductors of
heat and
electricity.
Properties of Nonmetals
Chemical
 Most are reactive
 F is the most
reactive element
known
 Family 18 rarely
form compounds
 Usually gain or
share electrons
Carbon Family
• Gain or lose 4 electrons
• Compounds made from C are found in all living things
• Most fuels that are burned for energy contain C,
coal, gasoline, oil
Nitrogen Family
• N and P gain or share 3 electrons
• Atmosphere is 78% N2, a diatomic molecule
• all living things need N but cannot process it
• P is more reactive, always found in compounds in nature
**Diatomic Molecule – two atoms of the same element
bonded together
Oxygen
• Usually gains or shares 2 electrons; O, S, Se
• O is most abundant element in crust and
21% of atmosphere
• O2 – diatomic molecule living things breathe
• O3 – triatomic molecule;
Ozone in upper atmosphere – screens out
harmful radiation from the sun
Ozone at ground level it is a dangerous pollutant –
highly reactive
Halogens – means salt-forming
 Gains or shares 1 electron
 F – used to prevent tooth decay, non-stick pans
 Cl – used to kill bacteria, NaCl, CaCl melts ice on roads
 Br – used in photographic film
 I – medical uses
NOBLE/INERT GASES
 Do not usually gain, lose, or share electrons
 Found in small amounts in atmosphere
 He balloons
 Neon lights also made with Xe and Ar
HYDROGEN
• Doesn’t have a family because of its unique properties
• 90% of the atoms of the universe
• Only 1% of earth’s of mass of Earth’s crust, oceans, and
atmosphere
• Most is found in the form of water
Metalloids
Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids may be found clustered around
the dark zig-zag line that separates
metals and nonmetals.
Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids may
have properties
of both
metals and
nonmetals.
Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids are
solids that can
be
shiny or
dull.
Properties of Metalloids
Varying ability to
conduct
electricity
depends on
temperature ,
exposure to light,
and impurities
Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids are
brittle, hard and
somewhat
reactive
Metalloids
 Si – combine with O to form sand; used to
make glass
 B – a compound of B and O is used during
the glass-making process to make heat
resistant glass; also used in cleaning
materials
 Useful as semiconductors which conduct
under some conditions but not others
computer chips-
Q: Where are metals found on the periodic table?
A: on the left side of the table
Q: What are the physical properties of metals?
A: luster, ductile, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity,
high melting points, magnetic
Q: What are the chemical properties of metals?
A: react by losing electrons to other atoms
corrosion – the destruction of metal through oxidation
tarnish
Q: What are the properties of the alkali metals?
A: shiny and soft; very reactive- lose one electron;
never found uncombined in nature
Q: What are the properties of the alkaline earth metals?
A: reactive, losing 2 electrons; Mg and Ca are the most common
Q: What are the properties of the transition metals?
A: are less reactive; used in alloys
Q: How are Pb, Sn, and Al used?
A: Pb is used to shield x-rays; Sn is used as a coating on
steel cans to prevent corrosion; Al is used in airplanes
and soda cans
Q: Where are the lanthanides found on the periodic table
and how are they used?
A: the first row beneath the table; used in alloys; hard to separate
because they found together and have similar properties
Q: Where are actinides found and how are they unique?
A: The actinides are found in the bottom row beneath
the periodic table. Only four exist in nature – U (92) is the
last natural element. The others are synthetic, made in a lab
often lasting only a few seconds because they are so unstable
Q: Give an example of how the ductility of a metal could be used.
A: Cu is used to make wires that carry electricity.
Q: Why do cooking utensils often have wooden handles?
A: metals conduct heat; handles are wooden so hands
don’t get burned
Q: How are elements synthesized?
A: a particle accelerator is used to smash nuclei together
so that they combine to form a single nucleus
Q: Where are the non metals found on the periodic table?
A: found on the right side of the table
Q: What properties are found among the nonmetals?
A: many are gases or dull, brittle solids; lower densities, are
poor conductors of heat and electricity; readily form
compounds except for group 18; gain or share electrons
Q: Which nonmetal is liquid at room temperature?
A: Br
Q: Compare the halogens and the noble gases?
A: Both groups are nonmetals, but halogens are very
reactive while the noble gases are not.
Q: Where are the metalloids found on the periodic table?
A: on either side of the zigzag line
Q: What are three uses of metalloids?
A: used in making glass; cleaning materials, and computer chips
Q: What property makes certain metalloids useful as switches to
turn small and electric current on and off.
A: some metalloids, semiconductors, conduct electricity
under some conditions but not under others