Transcript Document
Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Key Concepts Major geologic processes Earthquakes and volcanoes Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Finding and extracting mineral resources Non-renewable mineral resources Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle Plate Tectonics Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Subduction zone Transform fault Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates External Earth Processes Weathering - break down of rock 1. Mechanical Frost Wedging Exfoliation 2. Chemical Weathering H2O, CO2, O2+ Rock Biological Action Erosion - transport of rock External Earth Processes Agents of Erosion 1. Water 2. Wind 3. Gravity 4. Glaciers Natural Hazards: Earthquakes Features Magnitude Aftershocks Primary effects Secondary effects Expected Earthquake Damage No damage expected Minimal damage Canada Moderate damage Severe damage United States Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes central vent magma conduit magma reservoir Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere Resources: Minerals and Rocks Mineral (diamond, quartz, gold) Rock Types Igneous (granite, basalt) Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Metamorphic (marble, slate) Transport Erosion Deposition Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Rock Cycle Weathering Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Heat, Pressure Heat, Metamorphic Rock Pressure Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Metallic Non-metallic Energy resources Ores Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories Identified Undiscovered Reserves Other Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Satellite and air imagery Radiation detectors Magnetometers Gravity differences Seismic surveys Chemical analyses Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Open-pit (surface mining) Dredging (surface mining) Area strip (surface mining) Contour strip (surface mining) Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining) Longwall (subsurface mining) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act Established 1977 Mine lands must be restored to premining conditions Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites Limited success due to lobbying efforts of coal companies Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Disruption of land surface Subsidence Erosion of solid mining waste Acid mine drainage Air pollution Storage & leakage of liquid mine waste Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining Overburden Room and pillar Spoil Longwall Open-pit Dredging Strip mining Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342 Processing Mineral Resources Ore mineral Gangue Tailings Smelting Supplies of Mineral Resources Economic depletion Depletion time Foreign sources Environmental concerns Economics New technologies Mining the ocean Finding substitutes