Transcript Classification aka Taxonomy

Classification
aka
Taxonomy
 Taxonomy = names & groups of
organisms according to their
characteristics & evolutionary history.
 Why classify? To study the diversity
of life, scientists use classification to
group organisms in a logical way to
make sense.
Order From Chaos
 When you need a new pair of shoes,
what do you do? You probably walk
confidently into a shoe store, past the
tens or hundreds of pairs of shoes you
don’t want and straight to the kind you
do want. How do you find them? Shoes
are organized in the store in
categories. People organize objects by
grouping similar objects together.
Early Systems of Classification
Aristotle:
1. Animals by land, water, or air
2. Plants by stems
3. Common names used; varied from place to
place.
4. Long Latin descriptions; difficult to remember
(up to 12 words long!)
European Honey Bee: Apis pubescens thorace
subgriseo abdomine fusco pedibus posticis
glabis unttinque margine cilatus
Carolus Linnaeus
 Binomial nomenclature: Two word
Latin name for organism He used the
organisms morphology (form &
structure).
Levels of classification – 7 from
largest (or most diverse) to smallest
(or most alike):
*Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species.*
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Abert
squirrel
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Coral
snake
Sea star
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name = genus & species
The genus part is first & capitalized
The species part is second & lower case
Both are in italics or underlined.
They are Latin so an organism has the
same name all over the world.
 Sometimes the species is split into:





 varieties – slightly different
 subspecies – in different geographical areas
Robin?
Robin?
 Great Britain Robin: Erithacus rubicula
 North American Robin: Turdus migratorius
Panther, Puma, Mountain Lion,
Cougar: Puma concolor
Phylogeny – evolutionary history
 Organisms now classified by evolutionary
history as well as similarities.
 Phylogenetic Tree = the ancient
ancesters are at the bottom (trunk) &
newer species are the branches. Based on:




Fossil record
Morphology
Embryological development
Similarity of chromosomes
Cladistics
 A Cladogram shows evolutionary
relationships from shared derived
traits. For example: Feathers –
birds; amniotic egg – reptiles & birds
Cladograms
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Section 18-2
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
Similarities in DNA & RNA
 Even the genes of diverse organisms
show many similarities.
 The more similar the more recently
the two organisms shared a common
ancester
Modern Systems
 Six Kingdom System
 1. Archaebacteria – unicellular,
prokaryotes, autotrophic
(chemosynthesis). Live in harsh
environments. Waste products may
include methane. Reproduce asexually –
binary fission.
 2. Eubacteria – unicellular, prokaryotes,
most use oxygen, reproduce – binary
fission
Six Kingdom System cont.
 3. Protista – eukaryotes (membrane
bound organelles); most unicellular, no
specialized tissues; - Euglena, Amoeba.
Multicellular may look like plants - algae
 4. Fungi – heterotrophic, absorb nutrients;
unicellular & multicellular
 5. Plantae – multicellular, autotrophic
(photosynthetic); except for a few parasitic
forms
 6. Animalia – multicellular, heterotrophs
5 Kingdom System
 1. Monera = Archaebacteria &
eubacteria
 2. Protista
 3. Fungi
 4. Plantae
 5. Animalia
Difference
3 Domain System
 1. Domain Archea = archaebacteria
 2. Domain Bacteria = eubacteria
 3. Domain Eukarya = protista,
fungi, plantae, animalia (all have true
nucleus & membrane bound
organelles)
Living
Things
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
and differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Video 1
Panthera leo?, Part 1
 Click the image to play the video
segment.
Video 2
Panthera leo?, Part 2
 Click the image to play the video
segment.
Classification Of Humans
 Domain Eukarya
 Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Chordata
 Subphylum Vertebrata
 Class Mammalia
 Order Primates
 Family Hominidae
 Genus Homo
 Species sapien sapiens
