Transcript Genetic Engineering

Chapter 13
It is the
stuff of
cartoons
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Genetic
engineering is
the stuff of
movies. Can you
name a recent
movie?
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Real life genetic engineering – GMO’s
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I.
Manipulating DNA
A. Molecular biology tools – Used to make
changes in the DNA code of a living
organism
1. Extraction – DNA can be extracted using
simple chemicals that open the cell and
separate the DNA.
2. Cutting DNA – Large DNA molecules are
cut into smaller segments by restriction
enzymes.
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 A restriction enzyme will cut a DNA sequence
only if it matches the sequence precisely.
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoR I
cuts the DNA into fragments
Sticky end
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3. Separating DNA - gel electrophoresis
uses a porous gel to separate DNA
segments by electric charge.
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DNA plus
restriction enzyme
Power
source
Longer
fragments
Mixture of DNA
fragments
Gel
Shorter
fragments
Gel Electrophoresis
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B. Using the DNA sequence – researchers can
study specific genes and to try to discover
the functions of different genes and gene
combinations.
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II. Cell Transformation
A. Transforming bacteria - foreign DNA is
first joined to a small, circular DNA
molecule known as a plasmid
1. Plasmids are found naturally in some
bacteria.
2. Plasmids – have a genetic marker
(special gene) so a researcher can tell
bacteria that carry the plasmid (and
the foreign DNA) from those that don't.
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Recombinant DNA
Gene for human
growth hormone
Gene for human
growth hormone
Human Cell
Bacterial
chromosome
Sticky
ends
DNA
recombination
DNA
insertion
Bacteria cell
Plasmid
Bacteria cell
containing gene for
human growth
hormone
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Genetic Engineering
Of Human Insulin
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III.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
A. Transgenic Organisms - contains genes
from other species.
1. Transgenic Microorganisms - Transgenic
bacteria have been used to produce:
 insulin
 Human growth hormone
 clotting factor
2. These can be produced because the
human genes can be spliced into the
bacterial plasmid.
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Transgenic Organisms
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3. Transgenic plants - are an important part
of our food supply.
a. These plants contain a gene that
produces a natural insecticide (don’t
need pesticides).
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b. Transgenic tobacco plants - first
engineered to discover if a gene from
one organism can function in another
organism.
A gene from a firefly
(luciferase) was
transplanted
Into a tobacco plant.
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Rhesus Macaque Monkey
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Glowing Mice
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c. Transgenic rice – An important GMO
(genetically modified organism) has
been created that has vitamin A.
Essential to human health, & in much
of the worlds diet.
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d. Genetic engineering has produced
goats whose milk contains proteins
that can be used as medicines. This
has been accomplished by inserting
foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs.
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B. Cloning - a member of a population of
genetically identical cells produced
from a single cell.
Dolly and Bonnie
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Cloning
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The Cloning Process
Donor Nucleus
Egg Cell
Fused cell
Embryo
Cloned Lamb
Foster Mother
Genetic Engineering
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 Insulin-dependent diabetes can now
be treated with insulin produced
through the use of
1. transgenic plants.
2. transgenic animals.
3. transgenic microorganisms.
4. transgenic fungi.
 Transgenic tobacco plants that glow
in the dark were produced by
transferring the gene for luciferase
from a
1. clone.
2. bacterium.
3. firefly.
4. jellyfish.
 The first mammal to be cloned was a
1. sheep.
2. horse.
3. dog.
4. cat.
 In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is
taken from a female and its nucleus is
removed. A body cell is taken from a male.
The clone from this experiment will
1. look just like the female.
2. be genetically identical to the male.
3. have a mixture of characteristics from
both animals.
4. resemble neither the male nor the female.
 Animals produced by cloning have
been shown to
1. all be perfectly healthy.
2. suffer from a number of health
problems.
3. live longer than uncloned animals.
4. be less intelligent than uncloned
animals.