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Semester 2 – Unit 3 Taxonomy: The Classification of Organisms Taxonomy is the branch of science that: 1) • • 2) • identifies organisms classifies organisms The major factor which determines which organisms are grouped together is: how many features they have in common Classification of Humans (Generic to Specific) Domain: Kingdom: Eukarya Animalia Phylum: Class: Order: Family: SCIENTIFIC Chordata NAME Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo Genus: Species: sapiens Interesting Scientific Names Canis lupus Canis familiaris Felis domesticus Mus musculus Binomial Nomenclature • • • • literally means “two-name naming system” consists of an organism’s genus and species name Genus = capitalized species = lower case The 3 Domains and The 4 Kingdoms 1. Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria) 2. Domain Archaebacteria General Bacteria Video 1. Domain Eukarya a. b. c. d. Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Protist (pond critters) Fungi Plantae Animalia Domain Eubacteria • • • • • • • prokaryotic cells (no nucleus, no organelles) unicellular most heterotrophs (eat decaying organisms), some autotrophs (photosynthesis) live in our world asexual reproduction peptidoglycan cell walls motile Domain Archaebacteria • • • • • • • • prokaryotic cells (no nucleus, organelles) unicellular mostly heterotrophs (eat toxic chemicals) asexual reproduction cell walls NOT peptidoglycan cell walls motile live in “extreme places” (e.g. super-salty, superhot) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uADGupgof kU Domain Eukarya • all are eukaryotes, which means a) have a true nucleus in their cells b) have organelles in their cells Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista • • • • • • • can be either unicellular or colonial (clumpy) can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs asexual and sexual reproduction live in our world cell walls (cellulose) motile https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsdYOgTbOk Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi • • • • • • multicellular hetrotrophs (eat decomposing organisms) sexual and asexual reproduction live in our world cell walls (chitin - snap!!) non-motile Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae • • • • • • multicellular all autotrophs (photosynthesis) sexual and asexual reproduction live in our world cells have walls (cellulose -snap!!) non-motile Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia • • • • • • multicellular all heterotrophs, eat other organisms for food sexual and asexual reproduction live in our world no cell walls (bend) motile Section 13.2 – The Basis for Classification Phylogenetic Tree Section 13.2 – The Basis for Classification A phylogenetic tree shows the relationship among organisms • The closer to the same branch point two organisms are, the more closely related they are • The longer they stay together on the tree, the more closely related they are • Questions: page 306-307 What 3 milestones occur in the Plant Kingdom? Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers What is the first major groups to appear that is eukaryotic? Kingdom Protist What milestones separate sponges from flatworms and cnidarians? Tissues What group of animals appears after “hollow nerve cords” have evolved, but before “backbones” have evolved? Roundworms Homologous and Analogous Characteristics Homologous Characteristics 1) • • • have the same anatomy may not do the same job good way of determining relatedness Homologous Characteristics (cont’d) 2) Analogous Characteristics • • • may do the same job not anatomically related NOT a good way to determine who is related