Transcript 3. GMO-Englishx

GMOs
in the economy
30.
The GMO debate
„….don’t take them to your mouth!”
Keyword: natural
Chance and instincts
Genetically Modified
Foods
31.
Flavr-Savr: the first license for genetically modified food
NORMAL PROCESS
PG protein
DNA
MODIFIED PROCESS
PG mRNA
DNA
asRNA
PG gene: play a role in ripening
- inhibition: increased storage
Genetically Modified
Crops
32.
1st and 2nd Generation GMOs
Rice (Golden rice)
- high β-carotene level
- 2 genes from lent-lily
- 1 gene from a bacterium
rape
- high oil content
- 1 gene from a bacterium
Maize,
- insect resistance
- Herbicide resistance
- Bacillus thüringiensis gene
soybean
Cotton
- insect resistance
- Pesticide resistance
Sugar beet
- Pesticide resistance
2nd generation
1st generation
Genetically Modified
Foods
33.
3rd Generation GMOs: plant factories
Potato
Spinage
- Vaccine against hepatitis B
- Vaccine against rabies
Tobacco
- Against caries
- insulin
maize
- lactoferrin
Arabidopsis
- Humán intrinsic factor (against anemia)
Arabidopsis
Terminator  Traitor
technologies
33b.
Terminator: GMOs produce sterile seeds
Traitor:
the development of GMO has to be activated
Advantages:
(1) Protection of proprietary right (purchusing new seeds yearly)
(2) Protection of spread in nature
34.
How to modify plants?
Cold-tolerant tomato
Agrobacterium Ti plasmid
1.
Plaice antifreeze protein
2.
Cloning of anti-freeze protein gene
to Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium
3.
Recombinant Agrobacterium
infects tomato tissues
Promoter
Promoter
4.
Antifreeze-protein expressing
transgenic tomato
Ti plasmid
T-DNA
5.
Antibiotics resistance
A 3rd generation GM animal
34.
Human ATIII gene cloning
Anti-coagulant protein
in goat milk
X
Gene injection to zygote
2.
Fertilized egg cell
Integration of ATIII gene to the genome
ATIII protein in goat milk
3.
4.
Transgenic embryo develops in the surrogate mother
Genetically Modified
Livestock
Transgenic salmon grows faster
Higher level of beta and kappa caseins in the milk of transgenic cow
Various human transgenes in pigs for
transfer of liver to human
36.
37.
Genetically Modified
Human
Two major aims:
(1) Gene therapy
(2) Cosmetic improvement
Genetically modified
microorganisms
Viruses
gene therapy, tumor therapy, circuit tracing, vaccines
Bacteria
recombinant proteins
Fungi:
fermentation, recombinant proteins
38.
Recombinant proteins
Recombinant proteins
Disease
Insulin:
Clotting factors:
Growth hormones:
diabetes
hemophilia
dwarfism
Advantage:
39.
It does not cause disease (formerly they were gained from corps)
Disadvantage: The processing of proteins are different in bacteria (e.g. there is
no glycosylation)
40.
Bacterial DNA
Non-integrating plasmids
Genomial DNA
Integrating plasmid
Genomial DNA
Cloning
(if foreign DNA is inserted)
41.
The effects of insulin
glycogen synthseis
fatty acid synthesis
glycolysis
42.
Recombinant insulin
Human cell
Bacterium cell
plasmid
DNA
RE digestion
RE digestion
Human insulin gene
Protein engineering
(1) Directed Evolution
(2) Rational Protein Engineering
43.
Antibody techniques
44.
Polyclonal antibodies
Antigen injected
into the animal body
B cell
Memory B cells
Antigen
B cell
Plasma cells
Polyclonal antibodies
Polyclonal antibodies containing serum
is taken out from the animal’s blood
45.
46.
Monoclonal antibodies
Isolation of B cells
from the spleen
Cultivation of myeloma cells
Immunization of a mouse
Fusion of myeloma
and B cells
Separation of cell lines
Screening of suitable
cell lines
Multiplication in vitro
or
in vivo
Harvesting
Inject mouse
with antigen X
Monoclonal antibodies
Mouse spleen cells;
some cells ( ) make
antibody to antigen X
Mutant mouse
myeloma cells unable
to grow in HAT medium
Mix and fuse cells
Transfer to
HAT medium
Unfused cells (
Fused cells (
) die
) grow
Culture single cells
in a separate wells
Test each well for
antibody to antigen X
47.
Production of hybrid cells
Selective medium,
only hybrid cells
proliferate
Cell fusion
Plasma cell Tumor cell
(hybridoma)
Heterocaryon
Hybrid cell
48.
Recombinant antibodies
Enzyme papain
Antibody gene
bacteriophage
gIII gene
Fab fragment
gIII proteins
(antigen binding)
Fc fragment
Disulfide bond
(responsible for
physiological effects)
Antibody Fab fragment
49.
50.
Antibiotics
bacterium
mold
Alexander Fleming
The penicillin inhibits the growth of bacteria
51.
Antibiotics
The effects of antibiotics
How bacteria defend themselves?
antibiotic
Structure and function of DNA
(Nitrimidazole)