Transcript wine boom

MUBASHIR HUSSAIN
PHD SCHOLAR
13-arid-3282
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Bio-based resistant inducers for sustainable plant
protection against pathogens (Phytochemical
pesticides)
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Contents:

Introduction
4. Composts

Immune system in plant
5. Biochar

Resistance inducers

Conclusion

Reference
1. Chemical inducers
2. Microbial elicitors

Bacterial elicitors

Fungal elicitors
3. Plant extracts

Algal extracts

Extracts of higher plants
Introduction

In agriculture, plant varieties were domesticated and over time bred for
yield and fruit quality.

Plant disease resistance is often decreased compared to wild varieties

Most plants including crops are susceptible to numerous diseases
caused by different microorganisms (pathogens).

Diseases decrease crop yield and quality and toxins released by
microbes were usually present in the harvest.
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Conti….

Formerly, diseases were responsible for severe economic and
nutritional crises and are still responsible for a considerable loss in the
worldwide crop production.

To date, ensuring a satisfactory yield and the quality of the harvest
requires an extensive use of numerous phytochemical pesticides.

Pesticides harm crops, the environment, even the health of farmers and
consumers and may lead to selection of resistant pathogen strains.
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Alternative and sustainable disease
management
Alternatives include
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Organic and integrated farming practices
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Biological control
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Use of resistant hybrids or transgenic crops.
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Limitations

Some national legislative bodies do not allow genetic crop
improvement by transgenesis and assisted crossing may also be
prohibited for some crops, such as wine, protected by appellation seals.
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Immune Systems in Plant
Can be broadly classified as;

Local defense system
i.
It is concerned with imparting immunity only at the site of infection.
ii.
It is more common than proliferated one.
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Proliferating defense system
i.
Can be Initiated sometimes due to local defense system
ii.
Defense alert is amplified and transferred from the site of infection by a
system of mobile signals into distal (systemic) plant parts.
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Systemic acquired
resistance (SAR)
Proliferative defense
system
Induced systemic
resistance (ISR)
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
IN PLANT
Hypersensitive
response (HR)
Local defense system
Effector-triggered
immunity (ETI)
MAMP/PAMP/pattern
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-triggered
immunity
(MTI/PTI).
Immune system in plants
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Step 1: Attack of non-self” signals
a)
Microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs) are
conserved molecular structures essential for the overall fitness of
microbes
b) Host derived “danger” signals or damage-associated molecular patterns
(DAMPs), such as pectin-derived oligogalacturonides, produced as a
consequence of enzymatic microbial activities and toxins.
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Conti.....
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Step 2: Recognition of foreign material
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MAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by plasma-membrane localized
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and induce a broad variety of
defense responses commonly referred to as MTI or PTI.
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Conti.....
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Step 3: initial cascade of signaling events
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Tiggers ion fluxes leading to plasma membrane depolarization,
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and
activation of Mitogen-Activated and Calcium-Dependent Protein
Kinases (MAPKs and CDPKs).
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Conti.....

Step 4: TF modulation activities

These signaling events modulate transcription factor (TF) activities
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Leading to massive transcriptional reprogramming related to defense.
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Conti.....
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Step 5:Activation of defense gene
1. Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins
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Hydrolytic enzymes

β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases………………..degrade microbial cell walls
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Defensins…………………disrupting pathogen membrane
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Peroxidases, proteinase inhibitors or lipid-transfer proteins
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Conti.....
2. Compounds with antimicrobial activity such as phytoalexins
3. Lignin and callose deposited to the cell wall assuring its strengthening
4. Production of ROS with a signaling role and direct antimicrobial effect
5. Stomatal closure
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Conti.....
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Which one is ultimately tunning and orchestring these responses????
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Phytohormones such as
a)
Salicylic acid (SA),
b)
Jasmonic acid (JA),
c)
Ethylene (ET)
d)
Abscisic acid (ABA)
e)
Brassinosteroids (BR)
f)
Gibberellins
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Resistance inducers
1. Chemical
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inducers
Exogenously applied SA provided a broadspectrum disease
resistance in tobacco leaves (White, 1979).
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Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), named also benzothiadiazole
(BTH) is an efficient broad-spectrum resistance inducer against
bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in different monocot and dicot
crops (Walters et al., 2013). Its commercialized forms known as
Bion or Actigard (Syngenta) are widely used in agriculture.
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Conti.....
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Probenazole, applied to rice crop…… control rice blast, caused by a
fungus Magnaporthe grisea and bacterial leaf blight, caused by
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
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2. Microbial elicitors
2.1. Bacterial elicitors

Three major categories

BDCs , Effector class of BDCs,
plant-associated microorganisms (Beneficial
bacteria)
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BDCs
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These are the molecules with conserved sequence (MAMPs)
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Released either from bacteria.
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Released accidentally from bacteria (DNA, transcription, translation factors).
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Name
Functional Origin
class
Lipopolysacchari Cell wall
de (LPS)
(outer
membrane)
component;
MAMP
Flagellin
Flagellar
component;
MAMP
EF-Tu; elf18/26
Pathogen Host
Gram-negative Avirulent
bacteria
bacteria;
Several
Translation
Escherichia
factor;
coli
MAMP
(Poly)peptide
2,4Toxin (antibiotic); Pseudomonas
Diacetylphlorogl
fluorescent
ucinol
Pseudomonas
syringae pv.
Brassica
campestris;
Arabidopsis
Selected
references
Newman
(2002)
et
al.
tomato; etc. Zipfel et al. (2004)
Arabidopsis
most higher
plants)
Escherichia coli tomato
Kunze et al. (2004)
Arabidopsis
(Brassicaceae
only)
Peronospora
Arabidopsis
Iavicoli
et
al.
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parasitica
(2003)
2.2 Effector class of BDCs
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can readily reach the plant cytoplasm, via a conduit called type III
secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS effectors are aimed to manipulate
host metabolism.
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2.3 Plant-associated microorganisms (Beneficial
bacteria)
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Some BDCs appear more feasible for practical plant protection than
others, because they are inclusively delivered along with PGPR and/or
bacterial endophyte cells.
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Name
Functional Origin
class
Pathogen
Dimethyl
disulfide
VOC
Botrytis cinerea Tobacco;
corn
Huang et al.
(2012)
Microsphaera
Duzan et al.
(2005)
Bacillus
(PGPR)
Nod factors
Symbiotic Rhizobia
(lipochitooligo signal
saccharide)
Host
Selected
references
Soybean
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2.2 Fungal elicitors
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The treatment with chitin reduced the susceptibility of rice to M. oryzae
(Tanabe et al., 2006).
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Chitosan was able to induce the level of chitinase activity and new
isoforms of chitinase, resulting in the reduction of early blight disease
in tomato leaves. (Sathiyabama et al., 2014).
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Tomato plants grown in the soil amended with monosilicic acid and
chitosan slowed down the development of bacterial wilt (Kiirika et al.,
2013).
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3. Plant extracts
3.1. Algal extracts
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Initial work was demonstrated on Rubus fruticosus L. in 1995
(Patier et al., 1995)…….algal polysaccharides ……induce
resistance against a broad range of pathogens and this capability
relies mostly on the level of their sulfatation.
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Algal extract
Laminarins and
laminarin (PS3)
source
sulfated brown
algae
such
Laminaria digitata
Recent
refrences
applications/research as
plant protectors
as B. cinerea and Plasmopara (Aziz et al., 2003) and
viticola in a grapevine.
(Gauthier et al.,2014)
Ulvans
Ulva
studies were completed (Stadnik and de Freitas,
both
on
resistance 2014)
induction against pathogens
and defense mechanisms.
Carrageenans
red algae
long-lasting
protection (Mercier et al., 2001; Vera
against biotrophic as well
et al., 2012).
as
hemibiotrophic
pathogens
fucans
brown algae as Ascophyllum data on their elicitation (Klarzynski et al. 2003)
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nodosum, Fucus spp. and effect on plants are rather
Ecklonia spp.
scarce.
Extracts of higher plants
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Traditionally plants have been a valuable source of biologically
active compounds especially for medicinal purposes.
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Various herbal extracts were also previously used to protect plants
from pests and diseases but on a smaller scale. Now they are
making a comeback in the form of so-called botanical
biopesticides. Their direct antimicrobial effect to plant pathogens
has been demonstrated many times.
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Most commercially successful species with
protective activity
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Giant knotweed (Reynoutria sacchalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai). An
ethanolic extract of this plant was registered in 1990s as Milsana® has
been proven to protect cucumber from powdery mildew (Daayf et al.,
1995)
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Widely used other plants include , Azadirachta indica and Hedera helix.
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Recently, plant essential oils is considered as an efficient source of
resistance against pathogens.
e.g. Essential oil from Gaultheria procumbens
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4. Composts
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Composts are products of aerobic biodegradation of different types of
organic waste, which are mostly used as peat substitutes and soil
amendments.
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Their suppressive effect against pathogens has been ascribed primarily
to microbial populations colonizing rhizosphere and their competitive
activity and antibiosis against root pathogens.
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However, a number of studies indicate involvement of induced
resistance mechanisms.
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5.Biochar
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Biochar is a coproduct of pyrolized biomass utilized as a soil
amendment.
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The results indicate that biochar has a potential to alleviate plant
diseases and provide plants to efficient defense resistance against
leaf
pathogens.
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Conclusion
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Promotion of plant disease resistance by stimulation of crops using biobased compounds represents an alternative to chemical pesticides.
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During the last years, a boom of studies extended our knowledge of the
potential of this approach. A high number of resistance-inducing
compounds of different origins and nature were reported and their
efficiency was evaluated in various plant-pathogen systems.
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Bio-based resistance inducers can be combined with biopesticides,
biological control agents, biostimulants and even chemical pesticides,
which could result in reduced pesticide consumption.
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Reference:

Burketova, L., L. Trda , P. G. Ott and O. Valentova. 2015. Bio-based
resistance inducers for sustainable plant protection against pathogens.
Biotechnology Advances 33 :994–1004.
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