Transcript Microorganisms of Human Disease

Microorganisms of Human
Disease
Unit 5: 6 days
April 28th: Skin and Eyes
• The skin is a physical and chemical barrier
against microorganisms
• Moist areas of the skin support larger
populations of bacteria than dry areas
Eye and Skin Anatomy Review
Normal Microbiota
• Microbes that live on the skin are resistant
to desiccation and high salt concentrations
• Gram-positive cocci are abundant on the
skin
• The normal skin microbiota are not
completely removed by washing
• Some metabolize oil and grow in hair
follicles
Vocabulary
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Vesicles are small fluid filled legions
Bullae are vesicles larger than 1 cm
Macules are flat reddened lesions
Papules are raised lesions
Pustules are raised lesions containing pus
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Staphylococcal skin infections:
– Gram positive bacteria that grow in clusters
– S. aureus is common
– Localized infections result from bacteria
entering skin openings
• Sties, pimples, and carbuncles
– Toxemia occurs when toxins enter the
bloodstream
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Streptococcal skin infections:
– Gram positive cocci that often grow in chains
– Classified according to their cell wall antigens
– S. pyrogenes is common
• Most important pathogen to humans
• Impetigo are isolated pustules
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Pseudomonads:
– Gram negative rods
– Aerobes found in soil and water
– Resistant to many disinfectants and
antibiotics
– P. aeruginosa causes otitis externa,
respiratory infections, burn infections, and
dermatitis
– Have blue green pus
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Acne:
– Propionibacterium acnes can metabolize
sebum trapped in hair follicles
– Metabolic end-products (fatty acids) cause an
inflammatory response known as acne
– Many drugs are used to treat acne
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Warts:
– Papillomaviruses cause skin cells to
proliferate and produce a benign growth
– Warts are spread by direct contact
– Warts may regress spontaneously or be
removed physically or chemically
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Smallpox:
– Variola
– Cause two types of skin infections, variola
major and variola minor
– Transmitted by the respiratory route
– Moved to the skin via the bloodstream
– Humans are the only host
– Eradicated as a result of the efforts by the
WHO
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Chickenpox and Shingles:
– Varicella and Herpes Zoster
– Caused by the Varicella-zoster Virus
– Transmitted by the respiratory tract
– Localized in skin cells
– After chickenpox the virus remains latent in
nerve cells and be activated as shingles
– A vaccine is now available
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Herpes simplex:
– Cold sores and occasional encephalitis
– Remains latent inside of nerve cells
– Cold sores recur when the virus is activated
– Transmitted by oral and respiratory routes
– Herpes encephalitis occurs when herpes
infects the brain
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Measles:
– Rubeola
– Transmitted by respiratory route
– Vaccinations provides effective long term
immunity
– Macular lesions occur on the skin and Koplik
spots occur on the oral mucosa
– Complications include middle ear infections,
pneumonia, encephalitis, and secondary
bacterial infections
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Rubella:
– Transmitted by the respiratory route
– Called German measles
– Can be asymptomatic
– Red rash and light fevers are common
– Congenital rubella syndrome can affect a
fetus
• Exposure during first trimester
• Stillbirth, deafness, eye cataracts, heart defects,
mental retardation
• Vaccination easily available
Fungal Diseases of the Skin
• Cutaneous mycoses:
– Fungi that colonize the outer layer of the
epidermis cause dermatomyces
– Ringworm and athlete’s foot are common
fungal infections
– Can also grow on hair and nails
Fungal Diseases of the Skin
• Subcutaneous mycoses:
– Sporotrichosis results from a soil fungus that
penetrates the skin through wounds
– The fungi grow and produce subcutaneous
nodules along the lymphatic vessels
Fungal Diseases of the Skin
• Candidiasis:
– Candida albicans causes infections of
mucous membranes and is a common cause
of thrush and vaginitis
– C. albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that
may proliferate when the normal bacterial
microbiota are suppressed
– Topical antifungal chemicals may be used to
treat candidiasis
Parasitic Infestations of the skin
• Scabies is caused by a mite burrowing
and laying eggs in the skin
• Topical application of gamma benzene
hexachloride is used to treat scabies
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• The mucous membrane lining the eyelid
and covering the eyeball is the conjunctiva
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Inflammation of the eye membrane:
– Conjunctivitis
– Caused by several bacteria
– Transmitted by improperly disinfected contact
lenses
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Bacterial diseases of the eye:
– Microbiota of the eye usually originate from
the skin and upper respiratory tract
– Neonatal gonorrheal opthalmia is caused by
the transmission from an infected mother to
an infant during its passage through the birth
canal
– Chlamydia is also transmitted by birth and
unchlorinated swimming water
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Other infectious diseases of the eye:
– Inflammation of the cornea is called keratitis
– Herpetic keratitis causes corneal ulcers
– Acanthamoeba is transmitted in water and
can cause severe keratitis
April 30th: Nervous System
• CNS and PNS
Review
Neurons and Synaptic Cleft
Review
Bacterial Meningitis
• Meningitis can be caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and protozoa
• The three major causes of bacterial
meningitis are:
– Hemophilus influenzae
– Neisseria meningitidis
– Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Nearly 50 species of opportunistic bacteria
can cause meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
• Hemophilus influenzae
– Part of the normal throat microbiota
– There are six different types, based on
capsule differences
– Most common cause of meningitis in children
under 4
– A vaccine is available
Bacterial Meningitis
• Neisseria meningitidis
– Meningococcal meningitis
– Found in the throats of healthy carriers
– Probably gain access to the meninges
through the bloodstream
– Bacteria may be found in leukocytes in CSF
– Symptoms are due to endotoxins
– Most common in young children
– military and college students vaccinated
Bacterial Meningitis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
– Pneumococcal meningitis
– Commonly found in the nasopharynx
– Hospitalized patients and young children are
the most susceptible
– Rare, but has a high mortality rate
– Vaccine is available
Diagnosing Bacterial Meningitis
• Diagnosis is based on
isolation and
identification in CSF
• Cultures are usually
made on blood agar
• Incubation is in
atmospheres with
reduced oxygen
Bacterial Meningitis
• Listeria monocytogenes
– Listeriosis
– Causes meningitis in newborns, pregnant
women, the immunosuppressed, and cancer
patients
– Acquired by ingestion of contaminated foods
– May be asymptomatic in healthy adults
– Can cross the placental barrier and cause
spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
Tetanus
• Caused by a localized infection of a wound
by Clostridium tetani
• Produces a neurotoxin
• Symptoms:
– Spasms, contraction of muscles controlling
the jaw, and death resulting in spasms of the
respiratory muscles
• Anaerobe, will grow in deep wounds, and
wounds with little bleeding
Tetanus
• Acquired immunity results from
vaccination
• Following an injury a person may need a
booster shot with tetanus toxoid
• An unimmunized person will receive a shot
with human tetanus immune globin
• Debridement (removal of tissue) and
antibiotics may be used to control the
infection
Botulism
• Caused by an exotoxin produced by C.
botulinum growing in food
• Different types of botulism toxin vary in
virulence
– Type A is the most virulent
• The toxin inhibits the transmission of nerve
impulses
Botulism
• Blurred vision occurs in 1 – 2 days
• Progressive flaccid paralysis follows for 1
– 10 days
• Possibly death results from respiratory and
cardiac failure
Botulism
• C. botulinum will not grow in acidic foods
or in an aerobic environment
• Endospores are killed by proper canning
• The toxin is heat labile and is destroyed by
boiling for 5 minutes
Leprosy
• Never been cultured on artificial media
• Has been cultured in armadillos
• Characterized by loss of sensitivity in the
skin surrounded by nodules
• Not highly contagious, but can be
transmitted by prolonged contact with
exudates
• Untreated individuals often die from
secondary bacterial complications
Viral Diseases of the Nervous
System
• Poliomyelitis
– Headache, sore throat, fever, stiffness of back
and/or neck, occasionally paralysis
– Transmitted by water contaminated with feces
• Rabies
– Acute, usually fatal encephalitis
– Multiplies in skeletal muscle and connective
tissue
– Virus moves along PNS to the CNS
Fungal Diseases of the Nervous
System
• Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis
– Contracted by inhalation of dried pigeon
droppings
– Begins as a lung infection
– Most common in immunosuppressed
individuals
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous
System
• African Trypanosomiasis
– Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
and T. b. rhodesiense
– Transmitted by the tsetse fly
– Causes lethargy and eventually coma
– Can change its surface antigens
• Naegleria Meningoencephalitis
– Almost always fatal
– Invades the brain from the nasal mucosa
Nervous System Disorders caused
by Prions
• Diseases of the CNS that progress slowly
and cause spongiform degeneration are
caused by prions
• Sheep scrapie and bovine spongiform
encephalopathy are examples of diseases
caused by prions that are transferable
from one animal to another
– Creutzfeldt-Jakob and kuru are others
• Prions are self-replicating proteins with no
detectable nucleic acid
May 5th: Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Septicemia, sepsis, and septic shock:
– The growth of microbes in the blood is called
septicemia
– Can lead to septic shock, which is
characterized by decreased blood pressure
– Usually results from a focus of infection in the
body
– Usually gram negative rods
– Usually caused by endotoxins
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Puerperal sepsis:
– Begins as a uterine infection following
childbirth or abortion
– Streptococcus pyrogenes is the most frequent
cause
– Holmes and Semmelweiss demonstrated
appropriate hand washing techniques as a
prevention of this disorder
– Now relatively uncommon
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Tularemia:
– Caused by Francisella tularensis
– Small wild mammals are the reservoir
– Signs include ulceration and the site of entry
followed by septicemia and pneumonia
– Humans contract it by handling diseased
carcasses, eating undercooked meat, and
being bitten by vectors (such as deer flies)
– Resistant to phagocytosis
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Rheumatic fever:
– Autoimmune complication of streptococcal
infections
– Expressed as arthritis or inflammation of the
heart, can result in permanent damage
• Often heart valves are targeted
– Can follow strep throat
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Anthrax:
– Endospores in soil can survive for up to 60
years
– Grazing animals acquire an infection after
ingesting the endospores
– Humans contract it after handling hides from
infected animals
• Bacteria enter through cuts and by inhalation
– Pustules or pneumonia can occur depending
on entry route
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Gangrene:
– Soft tissue death from ischemia (loss of blood
supply)
– Microorganisms grow on nutrients released
from gangrenous cells
– Can occur during improperly performed
abortions when bacteria invade the uterine
wall
– Debridement, hyperbaric chambers, and
amputation are used to treat gangrene
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Plague:
– Caused by Yersenia pestis
– Vector is usually a flea
– Bruises on the skin and enlarged lymph
nodes (buboes)
– The bacteria can enter the lungs and cause
pneumonic plague
– Antibiotics are effective but they must be
administered promptly after exposure
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Lyme disease:
– Transmitted by ticks
– Prevalent on the U.S. Atlantic coast
– Field mice provide an animal reservoir
Bacterial Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Typhus:
– Caused by rickettsias, obligate intracellular
parasites of eukaryotic cells
– Transmitted by lice
– Prevalent in crowded unsanitary locations
– Rash, prolonged high fever, and stupor
– Spotted fevers are a variation of typhus
• Often transmitted by ticks
• Endemic to the southeastern U.S., Appalachia,
and the Rocky Mountains
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
• Burkitt’s Lymphoma:
– Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
– Causes cancer in laboratory monkeys
– Common in immunosuppressed patients
• Infectious mononucleosis:
– Also caused by the EB virus
– Causes proliferation of atypical lymphocytes
– Transmitted by ingestion of saliva from
infected individuals
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
• Classic viral hemorrhagic fevers:
– Yellow fever and Dengue fever are passed by
the vector Aedes aegypti mosquito
• Yellow fever: fever, chills, headache, nausea, and
jaundice
• Dengue fever: fever, muscle and joint pain, and
rash
– Mosquito reduction is necessary to control
these diseases
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
• Emerging viral hemorrhagic fevers:
– Human diseases caused by Marburg, Ebola,
and Lassa fever viruses were first noticed in
the late 1960’s
– Marburg virus is found in nonhuman primates
– Lassa fever viruses are found in rodents
– Rodents are the reservoirs of Argentine and
Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers
– Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is contracted
by the inhalation of dried rodent urine
Protozoan Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Chagas’ disease:
– Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas’ disease
– The reservoir includes many wild animals
– The vector is an arthropod called ‘the kissing
bug’
Protozoan Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Toxoplasmosis:
– Caused by the sporozoan Toxoplasma gondii
– Undergoes sexual reproduction in the
intestinal tract of domestic cats
– Oocysts are eliminated in cat feces
– Oocysts are then ingested by cattle and other
animals
– Humans contract by eating undercooked meat
– Congenital issues include brain damage and
vision problems
Protozoan Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Babeiosis:
– Caused by the protozoan Babesia microti
– Transmitted to humans by ticks
• Malaria:
– Chills, fever, vomiting, and headache
– Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito
– Causative agent is a species of Plasmodium
– A vaccine is being developed
Helminthic Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Schistosomiasis:
– Species of blood fluke
– Eggs eliminated in feces hatch and infect an
intermediate host (snails)
– Free swimming cercariae are released and
penetrate the skin of a human
– Adult flukes live in veins of the liver or bladder
– Chemotherapy is used to treat the disease
– Snail eradication is used to prevent it
Helminthic Diseases of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Swimmer’s itch:
– Cutaneous allergic reaction to cercariae that
penetrate the skin
– The definitive host for the fluke is wildfowl
May 8th: Respiratory Systems
Normal Microbiota of the
Respiratory System
• The throat and nasal
cavity normal microbes
can include pathogenic
species
• The ciliary elevator
usually keeps the
lower portion sterile
Upper Tract
• Specific areas can become infected to
produce pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis,
sunusitis, and epiglottitis
• Often caused by bacteria and viruses in
combination
• Most infections are self-limiting
Bacterial Diseases
• Streptococcal Pharyngitis:
– Strep throat
– Inflammation of the mucous membrane and
fever, tonsillitis, and otitis media
– Strep throat is usually transmitted by droplets
but at one time was commonly associated
with unpasteurized milk
Bacterial Diseases
• Scarlet Fever:
– Caused by strep throat
from S. pyrogenes
– Produces erythrotoxins
when lysogenized by a
phage
– Symptoms include red
rash, high fever, and a
red enlarged tongue
Bacterial Diseases
• Diptheria:
– Caused by exotoxin
– A membrane containing fibrin and dead
human and bacterial cells forms in the throat
• Can block the passage of air
– Inhibits protein synthesis
• Can cause heart, kidney, or nerve damage
Copyright Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
Bacterial Diseases
• Otitis Media:
– Earache
– Can be a complication of nose and throat
infections
– Pus accumulation causes pressure on the
eardrum
Viral Diseases
• The Common Cold:
– Approximately 200 different viruses can be
the cause
• Rhinovirus is responsible for ~50%
– Sneezing, congestion, nasal secretions
– Typically transmitted by indirect contact
– Incidence increases during the winter
• Likely due to the increased interpersonal indoor
contact
Lower Respiratory System
• Many of the microorganisms that infect the
upper respiratory system also infect the
lower tract
• Diseases include bronchitis and
pneumonia
Bacterial Diseases
• Pertussis:
– Whooping cough
– Catarrhal stage – resembles cold
– Paroxysmal stage – accumulation of
mucus and deep coughs
– Convalescence stage – can last for
months
– Immunization is available
Bacterial Diseases
• Tuberculosis:
– Bacteria have lots of lipids in their cell wall
– Ingested, and then the bacteria reproduce in
the macrophages
– Lesions form in the lungs
– Treatment typically requires chemotherapy for
1 – 2 years
– Positive skin tests remain after exposure
Bacterial Diseases
• Bacterial Pneumonias:
– More than 8 different varieties
– Fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain,
rust colored sputum
– Many produce ‘fried egg’ colonies
– Some transmitted person to person,
some from moist air, some from fowl
droppings
Viral Diseases
• Influenza:
– Chills, fever, headache, muscle aches
– Many varieties, antigenic shifts
• Make natural immunity and vaccination less
effective
– Deaths are usually from secondary bacterial
infections
Fungal Diseases
• Histoplasmosis:
– Subclinical
– In rare cases develops into a severe
generalized disease
– Caused by inhalation of airborne conidia
Fungal Diseases
• Coccidioidomycosis:
– Caused by inhalation of the airborne
arthrospores
– Most cases are subclinical
– Fatigue or poor nutrition can cause a disease
resembling tuberculosis to result
Fungal Diseases
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia:
– Pneumocystis carinii is found in healthy
human lungs
– Cause disease in immunosuppressed people
Fungal Diseases
• Blastomycosis:
– Infection begins in the lungs and can spread
to cause extensive abscesses
Fungal Diseases
• Other Fungal Diseases:
– Opportunistic fungi can cause respiratroy
disease in immunosuppressed hosts
• Especially when large numbers of spores are
inhaled
May 12th: Digestive System
Normal Microbiota
• A wide variety of bacteria colonize the
mouth
• The stomach and small intestines have
only a few permanent residents
• The large intestines have a LOT
– Assist in degrading food
– Synthesize vitamins
– Up to 40% of fecal mass is microbial cells
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
• Dental Caries:
– Tooth decay
– Begin when tooth enamel and dentin are
eroded and the pulp is exposed to bacterial
infection
– Bacteria adhere to teeth and produce sticky
dextran, forming dental plaque
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
• Periodontal Disease:
– Caries of the cementum and gingivitis are
caused by streptococci, actinomyces, and
anaerobic gram-negative bacteria
– Chronic gum disease can cause bone
destruction and tooth loss
– Periodontitis is due to an inflammatory
response to a variety of bacteria growing
under the gums
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Staphylococcal Food Poisoning:
– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea for ~24hrs
– Exotoxins are not destroyed by boiling food
for 30 mins
– Can grow easily at room temperature
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Shigellosis:
– Caused by 4 different species
– Blood and mucus in stools, abdominal
cramping, and fevers
– Can lead to ulceration of the intestinal
mucosa
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Salmonellosis:
– Caused by many Salmonella species
– Nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea
– Septicemia can occur in infants and the
elderly
– Mortality is less than 1%
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Typhoid Fever:
– Transmitted by contact with human feces
– Fever and malaise occur after a 2 week
incubation period
– Symptoms last for 2 – 3 weeks
– Harbored in the gall bladder of carriers
– Vaccines are available for high risk people
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Cholera:
– Exotoxin alters the membrane permeability of
the intestinal mucosa
– Vomiting and diarrhea result
• Cause severe fluid loss
– ~3 day incubation period
– 50% mortality when untreated
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Vibrio Gastroenteritis:
– Onset within 24 hours of eating contaminated
foods
• Crustaceans or mollusks
– Recovery after a few days
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• E. coli Gastroenteritis:
– Occurs as epidemic diarrhea in nurseries,
traveler’s diarrhea, and endemic diarrhea in
less developed countries
– In adults the disease is usually self limiting
– Can cause inflammation and bleeding of the
colon
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower
Digestive System
• Campylobacter:
– 2nd most common cause of diarrhea in the
U.S.
– Transmitted in cow’s milk
Viral Diseases
• Mumps:
– Enters and exits the body through the
respiratory tract
– 16 – 18 days after exposure the virus causes
inflammation of the parotid glands
– 4 – 7 days later orchitis can occur
– The virus is found in blood, saliva, and urine
Viral Diseases
• Cytomegalovirus:
– Herpesvirus that causes cytomegaly
– Transmitted by saliva, urine, semen, cervical
secretions, and human milk
– Can be asymptomatic, or progressive and
fatal
– If it crosses the placental barrier it can result
in congenital infection, impaired mental
development, neurological damage, and
stillbirth
Viral Diseases
• Hepatitis:
– Inflammation of the liver
– Loss of appetite, malaise, fever, jaundice
– Lots of causes
•
•
•
•
•
Hep A - Contaminated cells or water
Hep B – blood transfusions, std, breast milk
Hep C – blood
Hep D – circular strand of RNA
Hep E – fecal-oral route of transmission
Fungal Diseases
• Mycotoxins are toxins produced by some
fungi
• Mycotoxins affect the blood, nervous
system, kidneys, and/or liver
Fungal Diseases
• Ergot Poisoning:
– Most common in cereal grains
• Aflatoxin Poisoning:
– Most common in peanuts
Protozoan Diseases
• Giardiasis:
– Transmitted through contaminated water
– Malaise, nausea, flatulence, weakness, and
abdominal cramps that persist for weeks
Protozoan Diseases
• Amoebic Dysentery:
– Entamoeba histolytica
– Grows in the large intestines
– Feeds on red blood cells and GI tract
tissue
– Severe infections result in abscesses
Protozoan Diseases
• Cryptosporidiosis:
– Causes diarrhea in immunosuppressed
patients
– Prolonged for months
– Transmitted in contaminated water
Protozoan Diseases
• Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection:
– First identified in 1993
– Transmitted in contaminated produce
Helminthic Diseases
• Tapeworm Infestations:
– Contracted by the consumption of
undercooked beef, pork, or fish containing the
encysted larvae
– The scolex attaches to the intestinal mucosa
of humans and matures into an adult
tapeworm
– Eggs are shed in the feces and must be
ingested by an intermediate host
Helminthic Diseases
• Hydatid Disease:
– Humans infested with certain tapeworm
species may develop hydatid cysts in their
lungs or other organs
– Dogs and wolves are usually the definitive
hosts, and sheep or deer are the intermediate
Helminthic Diseases
• Nematode Infestations:
– Pinworms
– Hookworms
• Bore through the skin and migrate to the intestines
– Ascariasis
– Trichinosis
• Invade muscle tissue
• Fever, swelling around the eyes, GI upset
May 13th: Urogenital System
• Male
Urogenital System
• Female
Normal Microbiota
• The urinary bladder and upper urinary
tract are sterile under normal conditions
• Lactobacilli dominate the vaginal
microbiota during reproductive years
• The male urethra is normally sterile
Bacterial Diseases
• Cystitis:
– Inflammation of the urinary bladder
– Common in females
– Naturally occurring microbes, careless
hygiene, and sexual intercourse contribute to
the high incidence in females
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary
System
• Pyelonephritis:
– Inflammation of the kidneys
– Usually a complication of lower urinary tract
infections
– About 75% of cases are caused by E. coli
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary
System
• Leptospirosis:
– Transmitted by urine-contaminated water
– Chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Gonorrhea:
– Neisseria gonorrhoeae
– Reportable disease
– Attaches to mucosal cells of the oralpharyngeal area, genitals, eyes, and rectum
by means of fimbriae
– Males: painful urination and pus discharge
– Can be transmitted to infants during birth and
cause eye diseases
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Nongonococcal Urethritis:
– NGU
– Any inflammation of the urethra not
caused by gonorrhea
– Often caused by Chlamydia
– Symptoms are often mild or lacking,
although uterine tube inflammation and
sterility can occur
– Can be transmitted to infant’s eyes at
birth
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:
– PID
– Extensive bacterial infection of the female
pelvic organs, especially of the reproductive
systems
– Caused by several bacteria that gain access
to the uterine tubes
– Infection of the uterine tubes is called
salpingitis
– Can block the uterine tubes and result in
sterility
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Syphilis:
– Transmitted by direct contact
– Can invade intact mucous membranes or
penetrate through breaks in the skin
– Initial infection results in a chancre
– The secondary stage has a disseminating
rash
– Can cause neurological damage in fetuses
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum:
– LGV
– Primarily a disease of tropical and subtropical
regions
– The initial lesion appears on the genitals and
heals without scarring
– Cause enlargement of the lymph nodes and
enlargement of the genitals
– Bacteria are spread through the lymph
vessels
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Chancroid:
– A swollen painful ulcer on the mucous
membranes of the genitals or mouth
Bacterial Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Gardinella Vaginosis:
– Vaginosis is infection without inflammation
– Increased vaginal pH and fishy odor
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive
System
• Genital Herpes:
– Painful urination, genital irritation, fluid filled
vesicles
– Neonatal herpes is contracted during fetal
development or birth
– It can result in neurological damage or infant
fatalities
– May enter a latent stage
– Associated with cervical cancer
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive
System
• Genital Warts:
– Papillomaviruses cause warts
– Associated with cervical and penile cancer
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive
System
• AIDS:
– Sexually transmitted
– Really affects the immune system
Protozoal Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Trichomoniasis:
– Occurs when the pH of the vagina increases
– Purulent discharge from infection site
Fungal Diseases of the
Reproductive System
• Candidiasis:
– Candida albicans
– Causes NGU in males and vulvovaginitis
(yeast infections) in females
– Characterized by lesions that produce itching
and irritation
– Predisposing factors are pregnancy, diabetes,
tumors, and chemotherapy