Transcript Recent advances in prebiotics and probiotics

Healthy Living with
Prebiotics and Probiotics
Yong D Hang PhD
Professor Emeritus
Cornell University
Food Science Department
Ithaca, New York
Latest health claims
✔ Prebiotic intake reduces anxiety and
prevents stroke, heart disease.
✔ Probiotics reduce the risk of cold-like
symptoms.
✔ Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri reduces
gastrointestinal disorders in infants.
✔ Probiotics in yogurt are beneficial to
brain function.
Prebiotic health claims
✔ beta-glucan (soluble fiber from oat)
A daily dose of at least 3g may reduce
blood cholesterol levels and heart disease.
✔ Inulin (fructo-oligosaccharides)
A daily dose of 5 g may promote growth of
good bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract
and enhance health benefits.
Global Market Trend
The global market value for
prebiotic & probiotic products
was $16 billion in 2008 and will
reach $30 billion by 2015.
Global Industry Analysis (2012)
Statistics
Product
Food
Supplement
Ingredient
Total
Percent (%)
91
7
2
100
What are prebiotics?
Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible
food ingredients that beneficially affect the
host by selectively stimulating the growth
and/or activity of beneficial bacteria present
n the gastrointestinal tract.
Prebiotics
Inulin
FOS(Fructo-oligosaccharides)
GOS (Galacto-oligosaccharides)
XOS (Xylo-oligosaccharides)
AXOS (Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides)
GIOS (Gluco-oligosaccharides)
Soybean oligo-saccharides
Source of inulin
Food
Percent (%)
Chicory root
Jerusalem artichoke
Dandelion green
Garlic
Onion
Asparagus
Wheat bran
Banana
Moshfegh et al (1999)
65
32
24
17
9
5
5
1
Chicory roots
Jerusalem artichoke
Dandelion
Garlic
Inulin
FOS (Fructoologosaccharides)
Fiber Choice (Inulin)
Prebiotic coffee
Cover Photo-.webloc
Cover Photo-.webloc
Beta-Glucan
Cereal with oat beta-glucan
Cereal with wheat beta-glucan
Yeast beta-glucan
Products with yeast beta-glucan
Yogurt with yeast beta-glucan
Ganoderma lucidium
Inulin
A non-digestible fiber
A polymer of fructose (DP=2-60)
DP = 2 (glu-fru)
DP = 3 (Glu-fru-fru)
DP = 4 (Glu-fru-fru-fru)
DP = 5 (Glu-fru-fru-fru-fru)
FOS (Fructooligosaccharides)
The commonly known health-promoting FOS
(fructo-oligosaccharides) include:
Nystose (Glu-Fru-Fru)
Kestose (Glu-Fru-Fru-Fru)
Fructosylkestose (Glu-Fru-Fru-Fru-Fru)
Oligosaccharides
Fructosyltransferase
Fructo-oligosaccharides

Sucrose
Galactosyltransferase
Galacto-oligosaccharides

Lactose
Glucosyltrasferase
Gluco-oligosaccharides

Maltose
Soybean oligo-saccharides
Raffinose (DP=3)
Stachyose(DP=4)
Health benefits of prebiotics
Beneficial bacteria
Calcium absorption
Blood cholesterol
Stroke and heart disease
 Anxiety
✔Control weight gain and fat mass
Effect of prebiotics on probiotics by
mouse fecal microflora
Prebiotic Bifidobacteria Lactobacilli Enterococci
Mean Log CFU/g wet stool
Control
FOS
GOS
MOS
5.8
7.3
6.9
6.6
7.6
9.3
9.0
9.1
5.3
3.5
3.5
4.0
Pan et al. ( 2009)
Health benefits of prebiotics
Treatment
Prebiotic Dose
Diarrhea
(C. difficile)
Constipation
Body wt gain
Body wt gain
Body wt gain
FOS
4 g, 3X/day
FOS
Inulin
FOS
inulin
>20 g/day
5% or 10%, 4 wks
10%, 4 wks
9% , 3 wks
Saad et (2013); WGO
Prevention of stroke by prebiotics
High dietary intake (HDI) has an impact on the
incidence and risk of stoke in generl population
(Casiglia et al. 2013)
The risk of stoke can be significantly reduced
when the daily intake of soluble fiber is more than
25 g or insoluble fiber is >47 g.
What are probiotics?
Probiotics are defined by a United
Nations and World Health Organisation
Expert Panel as live microorganisms which
when administered in adequate amounts,
confer a health benefit on the host
FAO/WHO 200)
Probiotics
Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are
used as probiotics. Bacillus coagulans and yeast
(Saccharomyces boulardii) are also beneficial
orgamisms.
Probiotics are commonly used as active live
starter cultures in a wide variety of fermented
food products.
Probiotic bacteria
Lactobacillus
L. acidophilus
L. casei
L. paracasei
L. plantarum
L. reuteri
L. rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium
B. adolescentis
B. animalis
B. bifidum
B. breve
B. infantis
B. lactis
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bacillus coagulans
Mode of probiotic action
✔ Inhibit pathogenic growth
✔ IgA I(immunoglobulin A) production 
✔ Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) 
Bacteriocin production
Superoxide radicals 
Compete for adhesion with pathogenic
bacteria.
WGO
Health benefits of probiotics
 Pathogens (H. pylori, C. difficile, E.coli)
✔ Control antibiotic associated diarrhea
 Lactose metabolism
 Blood cholesterol, stroke, heart disease
 Immune system
 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
✔ Brain functions
 Cold-like symptoms
Health benefits of Probiotics
Prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea
Probiotic
Dose
L. casei
S. boulardii
L. rhamnosus
1010 CFU, 2x/d
2 x 1010 CFU/d
1010 CFU, 2x/d
WGO
Health benefits of probiotics
Eradication of Heliobacter pylori
Probiotic
L. Rhamnosus
S. Boulardii
L. casei
Dose
2 x 109 CFU, 2x/d
5 x 109 CFU daily
1010 CFU, 2x/d
WGO
Health benefits of probiotics
Prevention of the recurrence of
Clostridium difficile diarrhea
Probiotic
L. casei
S. boulardii
L. acidophilus
+ B. bifidum
Dose
1010 CFU, twice daily
2 x 1010 CFU/d
2 x 1010 CFU each/d
WGO
Health benefits of probiotics
Alleviation of Irritable bowel syndrome
Probiotic
B. infantis
L. rhamnosus
B. animalis
Dose
108 CFU, once daily
1010 CFU, once daily
1010 CFU, 2X/d
WGO
Prebiotic and probiotic products
A wide variety of prebiotic and probiotic
products are commercially available.
They are widely consumed for prevention
of intestinal disorders.
The health claims must be based on the
clinical test results accepted by the scientific
community.
Description of a probiotic product
✔ Genus, species and strain
(Example: Lactobacillus casei Shirota)
✔ CFU at the end of shelf-life
✔ Storage conditions
✔ Recommended dose
Health effect allowable by law
Contact information
WGO
Dairy-based probiotic products
Acidophilus milk (US)
Chobani Greek yogurt (US)
Yakult (Japan)
Dannon Activia yogurt (France, US)
DanActive drink (France, US)
Prima Liv (Sweden)
Examples of probiotic foods
Prima Liv (Sweden)
A milk-based product with L. plantarum 299v
Yakult (Japan)
A probiotic drink with Lactobacillus casei Shirota.
Bifiene (Japan)
A dairy-based beverage with B. breve Yakult
Dannon Activia (France & USA)
A low-fat yogurt contains B. animalis.
Dannon DanActive (France & USA)
A dairy-based drink with L. casei.
Probiotic drink with L. casei Shirota
Probiotic drink with L. casei DN114
Probiotic yogurt
Probiotic drinks
Probiotic Greek yogurt
Non-dairy probiotic products
ProViva fruit beverages (Sweden)
Good Belly splash (US)
Probiotic soymilk and yogurt
Tipton Mills instant coffee
Naked pizza
Non-dairy probiotic foods
ProViva (Sweden)
An oatmeal-based fruit drink made with
Lactobacillus plantarum 299V.
Goodbelly (US)
An oatmeal-based fruit drink produced
with Lactobacillus plantarum 299V.
Production of ProViva
Oatmeal & water  Malted barley flour

Heat treatment

Fermentation (L. plantarum 299v) at 370C

Cooling to 4-8oC

Fermented oatmeal gruel
(Active constituent in ProViva)
ProViva
A probiotic fruit drink launched in 1994 in
Sweden.
A fermented oatmeal gruel mixed with fruit
juice.
It contains > 1 x 1010 CFU of Lactobacillus
plantarum 299v/L.
The product can be stored at refrigerator
temperatures for 30 days without loss
of probiotic viability.
Production of acidophilus milk
Pasteurized milk

Inoculation with 5% L. acidophilus

Fermentation overnight at 37oC

Cooling to 5oC

Bottling & Storage at 5oC
Yogurt
Yogurt production
Pasteurized milk

Addition of S. thermophilus & L. bulgaricus

Fermentation at 40-45oC for 2.5-6 h

Stirring & Cooling to 4-80C

Filling & Storage
Greek yogurt
Greek yogurt is the yogurt that has been
strained to remove more liquid (whey).
It takes 300 kg of milk to make 100 kg of Greek
yogurt.
Greek yogurt is more nutritious and healthier
than traditional yogurt.
Greek yogurt has gone viral in America in
recent years.
Greek yogurt(5.3 oz, nonfat, plain)
Total fat: 0 grams
Cholesterol: 10 milligrams
Sodium: 50 milligrams
Sugar: 6 grams
Protein: 15 grams
Calcium: 15 percent on a 2,000-calorie diet
Regular yogurt(6 oz. nonfat, plain)
Total fat: 0 grams
Cholesterol 5 milligrams
Sodium: 120 milligrams
Sugar: 12 grams
Protein: 9 grams
Calcium: 30 percent on a 2,000-calorie diet.
Probiotics in yogurt
Greek yogurt
Traditional yogurt
S. thermophilus
S. thermphilus
L. bulgaricus
L. bulgaricus
L. acidophilus
L. casei
Bifidobacterium bifidus
Synbiotics
Synbiotics are the products that contain
both prebiotics and probiotics.
Synbiotics would have the beneficial
health effects of both prebiotics and
probiotics.
Benefits of synbiotics
Consumption of B. coagulans BC30 and
subsequent use of prebiotics has resulted
in elevated populations of beneficial
bacteria and increased production of short
chain fatty acid (SCFA).
Nyangale et al (2014)
Health effects of synbiotics
L. rhamnosus LGG has negated the
beneficial effect of a prebiotic ingredient
(FOS) in a piglet study.
The probiotic organism produces less
butyric acid and has a significantly adverse
effect on the activity of colonic beneficial
bacteria.
Barnes et al (2012)
SCFA
SCFA (short chain fatty acids) produced
during fermentation play an important role in
maintaining good health and prevention of
infection and intestinal disorders.
Butyric acid is the preferred energy source
for colonic epithelial cells and is involved in
many cellular processes. It can be used as a
biomarker to identify the synergistic prebiotic
and probiotic combination for therapeutic use
in individuals with intestinal failure.
Tappenden, 2012
Effect of diet on SCFA production
by human fecal microflora
Diet
Glucose
Soy oligosaccharide
FOS
Inulin
Cellulose
SCFA (mmol/L/h)
Acetate Propionate Butyrate
21.2
5.0
2.2
12.3
6.6
5.8
15.8
5.5
2.8
13.5
7.8
5.3
9.3
11.8
1.0
Besten et al (2013)
Effect of diet on SCFA production
by human fecal microflora
Diet
Corn fiber
Oat bran
Wheat bran
SCFA (mmol/g/h)
Acetate PropionateButyrate
0.18
0.55
0.29
0.07
0.19
0.08
0.06
0.13
0.06
Besten et al (2013)
Impact of SCFA on IBD
SCFA ((umole/g)
HS
P
Acetic
Propionic
Butyric
210
93
176
162
66
87
P: Patients with IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease)
HS: Healthy Subjects
Huda-Faujan et al. (2010)
Conclusions
Prebiotic and probiotic foods have many
beneficial health effects.
 calcium absorption
 lactose metabolism
Cholesterol, anxiety, stroke & heart disease
diarrhea and IBD
body weight gain and fat mass
Conclusions
✔ Not all prebiotics and probiotics are effective
for all the health benefits.
✔ Each prebiotic or probiotic health benefit is
oligosaccharide-specific or strain-specific.
✔ Consumption of prebiotics and probiotics
could prevent intestinal disorders and
provide better health.