Transcript File - jj-sct

CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
55
Ecosystems and
Restoration Ecology
Clicker Questions by
Roberta Batorsky
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Unlike energy, matter cycles. This means that
a) an ecosystem cannot lose chemicals from it.
b) ecosystems can acquire chemicals that are used up
from other ecosystems.
c) when models are built for ecosystems, all of the
materials should be able to be accounted for.
d) matter is being continually converted into heat and
back into matter.
e) chemicals contain energy, but energy doesn’t
contain chemicals.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Unlike energy, matter cycles. This means that
a) an ecosystem cannot lose chemicals from it.
b) ecosystems can acquire chemicals that are used up
from other ecosystems.
c) when models are built for ecosystems, all of the
materials should be able to be accounted for.
d) matter is being continually converted into heat and
back into matter.
e) chemicals contain energy, but energy doesn’t
contain chemicals.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary
productivity. The difference between the two is
a) the amount of energy producers burn when they
metabolize.
b) typically the ratio between the biomass of producers
and the biomass of consumers.
c) an important measure of ecosystem productivity.
d) energy that is lost into outer space due to metabolic
inefficiencies.
e) energy that is stored in plant tissues.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary
productivity. The difference between the two is
a) the amount of energy producers burn when they
metabolize.
b) typically the ratio between the biomass of producers
and the biomass of consumers.
c) an important measure of ecosystem productivity.
d) energy that is lost into outer space due to metabolic
inefficiencies.
e) energy that is stored in plant tissues.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big,
predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which
implies that
a) typically, they are highly territorial.
b) It’s hard for an ecosystem to support many of
them because so much energy is lost at each
level of energy exchange.
c) by overexploitation, humans have caused many
predatory species to become endangered.
d) it takes a long time for big, predatory animals to
evolve.
e) It’s hard for a big animal to move through dense
vegetation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big,
predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which
implies that
a) typically, they are highly territorial.
b) It’s hard for an ecosystem to support many of
them because so much energy is lost at each
level of energy exchange.
c) by overexploitation, humans have caused many
predatory species to become endangered.
d) it takes a long time for big, predatory animals to
evolve.
e) It’s hard for a big animal to move through dense
vegetation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Look at the diagram, which shows a general model of nutrient
cycling. There are major differences between kingdoms of
organisms; for example, plants tend to do most assimilation
and photosynthesis. However, all living things contribute to
one of the arrows on this diagram. Which arrow shows an
activity or activities that is/are performed by every living thing?
a) weathering
b) respiration, decomposition,
and excretion
c) photosynthesis
d) fossilization
e) combustion
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Look at the diagram, which shows a general model of nutrient
cycling. There are major differences between kingdoms of
organisms; for example, plants tend to do most assimilation
and photosynthesis. However, all living things contribute to
one of the arrows on this diagram. Which arrow shows an
activity or activities that is/are performed by every living thing?
a) weathering
b) respiration, decomposition,
and excretion
c) photosynthesis
d) fossilization
e) combustion
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eighty percent of our atmosphere is nitrogen gas, yet
every year farmers spray ammonia manufactured from
natural gas on their fields as a fertilizer. This is because
the only way to convert nitrogen from a gas into an
available form is by
a) decomposers.
b) nitrifying bacteria.
c) denitrifying bacteria.
d) nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
e) legumes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eighty percent of our atmosphere is nitrogen gas, yet
every year farmers spray ammonia manufactured from
natural gas on their fields as a fertilizer. This is because
the only way to convert nitrogen from a gas into an
available form is by
a) decomposers.
b) nitrifying bacteria.
c) denitrifying bacteria.
d) nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
e) legumes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the most important role of photosynthetic
organisms in an ecosystem?
a) converting inorganic compounds into
organic compounds
b) absorbing solar radiation
c) producing organic detritus for decomposers
d) dissipating heat
e) recycling energy from other trophic levels
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the most important role of photosynthetic
organisms in an ecosystem?
a) converting inorganic compounds into
organic compounds
b) absorbing solar radiation
c) producing organic detritus for decomposers
d) dissipating heat
e) recycling energy from other trophic levels
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following best defines the goal of
restoration ecology?
a) Replace a damaged ecosystem with a more
suitable ecosystem for that area and time.
b) Speed up the restoration of a degraded
ecosystem. Completely restore a disturbed
ecosystem back to its former undisturbed state.
c) Prevent further degradation by protecting the
area in question with park status.
d) Manage competition between species in
human-altered ecosystems.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following best defines the goal of
restoration ecology?
a) Replace a damaged ecosystem with a more
suitable ecosystem for that area and time.
b) Speed up the restoration of a degraded
ecosystem. Completely restore a disturbed
ecosystem back to its former undisturbed state.
c) Prevent further degradation by protecting the
area in question with park status.
d) Manage competition between species in
human-altered ecosystems.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A caterpillar eats 100 joules of energy in a leaf. Thirty of
those joules go into creating new biomass. This is
describing
a) primary production.
b) secondary production.
c) primary consumption.
d) secondary consumption.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A caterpillar eats 100 joules of energy in a leaf. Thirty of
those joules go into creating new biomass. This is
describing
a) primary production.
b) secondary production.
c) primary consumption.
d) secondary consumption.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following has the highest level of total
global primary production?
a) open ocean
b) tropical rain forest
c) temperate grasslands
d) savanna
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following has the highest level of total
global primary production?
a) open ocean
b) tropical rain forest
c) temperate grasslands
d) savanna
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The trophic level that ultimately supports all others
consists of
a) primary producers.
b) primary consumers.
c) secondary consumers.
d) tertiary consumers.
e) decomposers.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The trophic level that ultimately supports all others
consists of
a) primary producers.
b) primary consumers.
c) secondary consumers.
d) tertiary consumers.
e) decomposers.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Skills Exercises
Teal measured the amount of solar radiation entering a salt
marsh in Georgia over a year. He also measured the
aboveground biomass of the dominant primary producers,
which were grasses, as well as the biomass of the dominant
consumers, including insects, spiders, and crabs, and of the
detritus that flowed out of the marsh to the surrounding
coastal waters. To determine the amount of energy in each
unit of biomass, he dried the biomass, burned it in a
calorimeter, and measured the amount of heat produced.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What percentage of the solar energy that reaches the
marsh is incorporated into gross primary production?
a) 1.1%
c) 10.3%
b) 5.8%
d) 62.4%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What percentage of the solar energy that reaches the
marsh is incorporated into gross primary production?
a) 1.1%
c) 10.3%
b) 5.8%
d) 62.4%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What percentage of the solar energy that reaches the
marsh is incorporated into net primary production?
a) 0.01%
c) 1.1%
b) 0.2%
d) 12.3%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What percentage of the solar energy that reaches the
marsh is incorporated into net primary production?
a) 0.01%
c) 1.1%
b) 0.2%
d) 12.3%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How much energy is lost by primary producers as
respiration in this ecosystem?
a) 3,921 kcal/m2 • yr
c) 13,735 kcal/m2 • yr
b) 6,585 kcal/m2 • yr
d) 27,995 kcal/m2 • yr
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How much energy is lost by primary producers as
respiration in this ecosystem?
a) 3,921 kcal/m2 • yr
c) 13,735 kcal/m2 • yr
b) 6,585 kcal/m2 • yr
d) 27,995 kcal/m2 • yr
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How much energy is lost as respiration by the insect
population?
a) 16 kcal/m2 • yr
c) 224 kcal/m2 • yr
b) 85 kcal/m2 • yr
d) 305 kcal/m2 • yr
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How much energy is lost as respiration by the insect
population?
a) 16 kcal/m2 • yr
c) 224 kcal/m2 • yr
b) 85 kcal/m2 • yr
d) 305 kcal/m2 • yr
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
If all of the detritus leaving the marsh is plant
material, what percentage of all net primary
production leaves the marsh as detritus each year?
a) 8%
c) 43%
b) 20%
d) 56%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
If all of the detritus leaving the marsh is plant
material, what percentage of all net primary
production leaves the marsh as detritus each year?
a) 8%
c) 43%
b) 20%
d) 56%
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.