Transcript Taxonomy and Classification

Taxonomy and Classification
Finding Oder In Diversity
CLASSIFICATION
Finding Order
in Diversity
DEFINE TAXONOMY
• Discipline of
classifying
organisms and
assigning each
organism a
universally
accepted name.
WHY CLASSIFY?
1. To study the diversity of
life, biologists use a
classification system to
name organisms and group
them in a logical manner.
WHY CLASSIFY?
2. When taxonomists classify
organisms, they organize
them into groups that have
biological significance.
WHY CLASSIFY?
3. Classification makes life easier.
What are some ways we classify?
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC
NAMES
1. Using common names is
confusing because many
organisms may have several
different common names.
2. The cougar is also known as
the mountain lion, puma or
catamount…thus the need
for a scientific name.
Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department © 2004
Felis concolor
2.A Swedish botanist named
Carolus Linnaeus developed
Binomial Nomenclature, a
two-word naming
system for naming
all species on earth.
What do botanists
study?
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
2a. The first part of the
scientific name is the
genus. This word is
always written first and
the first letter is
capitalized. It appears
in italics or is underlined.
Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World
Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved.
www.panda.org.
Homo sapien
Ursus arctos
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC
NAMES
2b.
The second part of the
scientific name is the
species name. This word
is always written second Homo sapien
and the first letter is
lower-case.
It appears in italics or is
underlined.
Ursus arctos
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
1. Linnaeus’s hierarchical
system of classification
includes eight levels. They
are, from largest to smallest,
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species.
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
2. The Domain is the largest and
most inclusive (includes) of the
taxonomic categories.
3. Species is the smallest and
least inclusive of the
taxonomic categories.
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
4. The more taxonomic
levels that two
organisms share, the
more closely related
they are considered
to be.
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
What do the scientific names of the
polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you
about their similarity to each other?
Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos
Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWFWorld Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All
Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
Ailuropoda
melanoleuca
THINKING CRITICALLY
Organism
Cat
Wolf
Fly
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Diptera
Family
Felidae
Canidae
Muscidae
Genus
Felis
Canis
Musca
F. domesticus
C. lupus
M. domestica
Species
THINKING CRITICALLY
1. What type of animal is
Musca domestica?
Animal; insect
2. From the table, which
2 animals are most
Cat and Wolf
closely related?
3. At what classification
level does the
Family Level
evolutionary
relationship between
cats and wolves diverge
(become different)?
EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION
1. Biologists group organisms into
categories that represent lines of
evolutionary descent, or
phylogeny, not just physical
similarities.
2. Define Phylogeny: The study of
evolutionary relationships among
organisms.
EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION
A
B
C
D
E
F
Clade or
lineage
Speciation: formation of two
new species from one
T
I
M
E
EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION
3. Classification using Cladograms
a. Cladograms are diagrams that
show the evolutionary
relationships among a group
of organisms.
b. The cladogram on the next
slide shows the evolutionary
relationship among several
vertebrates.
CLADOGRAM
Hagfish
Fish
Lizard
Frog
Mouse
Pigeon
Chimp
Feathers
Fur &
Mammary
Glands
Lungs
Jaws
Claws
or Nails
CLADOGRAM
c. The characteristics listed below
the line are called derived
characters (traits).
d. When the derived character
appears above an organism, the
organism lacks that derived
character. When the derived
character appears below the
organism, the organism possesses
that derived character.
Hierarchical System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Dear King Phillip
Came Over For Good
Soup
{SCIENTIFIC NAME}
5 or 6 Kingdoms?
Three Domains:
– Archaea (lack a nucleus)
– Bacteria (lack a nucleus)
– Eukarya (have a nucleus)
6 Kingdom System:
– Archaebacteria,
– Eubacteria,
– Protista,
– Fungi,
– Plantae,
– Animalia
• These 2 are
sometimes combined
together to form the
Monera Kingdom
when only 5
Kingdoms are used
Cell Types
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Most 1 -10 μm in size
• Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago
• Only Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria
Kingdoms
• Has nucleus
• Many organelles
• Many 2-1,000 μm in
size
• Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago
• Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia Kingdoms
Types of Nutrition:
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
Autotrophs:
1.) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy
from the sun to make its own food, and
2.) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical
nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is
consumed and made into living tissue; makes its
own food.
– All autotrophs make their own food!
• Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its
own food—must eat other organisms or organic
wastes
– Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food
particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested
molecules
Prokaryotic cells
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
Bacteria Shapes
Coccus (spherical shaped)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Singular
Singular
Coccus
Coccus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Spirillum
Spirillum
Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)
Plural
Plural
coccicocci
bacilli
bacilli
spirilla
spirilla
methanic
halophile
halophile
methanic
halophile
sulfurous
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Cell Type: Prokaryotes (original life form on earth
and gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the
ancestors of the protists; called the “ancient
bacteria”)
• Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell
walls that contain lipids found in no other organism
• Body Forms: unicellular
• Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea
volcanic vents, hot springs, salt flats and brine
pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen
(anaerobic)
• Reproduction: asexual (binary fission)
• Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species
Examples of Archaebacteria
• Halophiles (Salt lovers)
• Acidophiles (love acidic environments)
• Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur
environments)
• Methanic bacteria (high methane
environments)
• Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen)
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Cell Type: Prokaryotes - gave rise to eukaryote cell
organelles; believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and
chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria”
• Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain
complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner
cell membrane
• Body Forms: unicellular
• Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and
heterotrophs
• Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms
• Reproduction: mainly asexual (binary fission); sexual
(conjugation)
• Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause
disease; some make vitamins and help with digestion; used for
food and drugs; decomposers, fix nitrogen
Examples of Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
•
Strep (Streptococcus aureus)
Cyanobacteria
Salmonella
Clostridium botulinum
E. coli
Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae
cyanobacteria
2.6 billion years old
3.2 billion years old
Algal mats preserved in rock
Modern day
Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue
Kingdom Protista
from microscopic to 150 feet large
(the “catch-all kingdom”)
Diversity in Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom)
• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria,
and some have chloroplasts
• Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some
multicellular, some colonial
• Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic;
ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis
• Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on
organisms; anywhere where there is water or a
moist environment
• Reproduction: asexual or sexual
• Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of
oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes
Examples of Protists
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Euglena
Paramecium
Amoeba
Diatoms
Slime mold
Algae
Kelp
Red Tide
Kingdom Fungi
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no
chloroplasts; cell wall of chitin
• Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular
• Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly
decomposers
• Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on
organisms
• Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely)
• Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen;
make medicine and foods; major decomposers
Examples of Fungi
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bread molds
Mushrooms
Yeast
Mildews
Truffles
Penicillium
Kingdom Plantae
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria,
and chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose;
advanced differentiation of tissues (roots,
leaves, reproductive structures)
• Body Forms: multicellular
• Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs
• Niche: mostly on land (terrestrial); some water
• Reproduction: sexual
• Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to
food; used for paper, textiles, medicine
Examples of Plants
•
•
•
•
•
Trees
Flowers
Ferns
Mosses
Grasses
Kingdom Animalia
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Cell structure: have a nucleus,
mitochondria, but no chloroplasts and no
cell walls; advanced differentiation of
tissues and complex organs
• Body Forms: multicellular
• Nutrition: heterotrophic
• Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea
and air
• Reproduction: sexual and asexual
• Neat Facts: used for food, clothing
Examples of Animals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Snails
Sponges
Fish
Turtles
Snakes
Mammals
Birds
Worms
Insects