Transcript Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS

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CONTENTS
 Cell Structure – Animal & Plant
 Use of Cells – Commercial & Industrial of
Yeast, Fungus, and Bacteria
 Diffusion: In humans
 Osmosis: Solutions & Effects on Animal &
Plant cells
Animal Cells - have 3 parts
Nucleus – controls cell function
Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance
Cell Membrane – encloses the cell
Plant Cells - have 6 parts
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Cell Membrane
And Cell Wall – protects the cell
Vacuole – stores water & food
Chloroplast – used in Photosynthesis
Commercial uses of cells: YEAST
 A Single-celled Fungus that grows by Budding
 It does not contain Chlorophyll so can not
Photosynthesise to make food
 Uses: Bread Making, Brewing & Wine-Making
 To make bread the Yeast is kept in Aerobic
Conditions
 To make alcohol the Yeast is kept in Anaerobic
Conditions
Industrial uses of cells: YEAST
 Yeast helps to make an Alternative Fuel
Source;
ETHANOL
 This form of Alcohol is produced during
Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS
 Fungus live on dead and rotting matter, as do
BACTERIA
 Fungus use ANTIBIOTICS to protect themselves from
Bacterial infections
 The most famous Fungus is Penicillium that produces
the Antibiotic Penicillin
Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS
ANTIBIOTICS
 Are described as
Narrow-spectrum or Broad-spectrum
 Narrow-spectrum – effective against a few Bacteria
 Broad-spectrum – effective against a wide range
 Antibiotics work by attacking the External & Internal
Cell Structures or even the DNA of the Bacteria
Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS
THE BACTERIA!
Are described as
Sensitive or Resistant
Sensitive – if its growth is prevented by an antibiotic
 Resistant – if the antibiotic has no effect
‘Super Staph’ – a species of Bacterium resistant to all
but 1 Antibiotic!!
Commercial uses of cells: BACTERIA
 The BACTERIA Lactobacillus are used to make
YOGHURT
 Bacteria digests the Milk sugar LACTOSE producing
LACTIC ACID
 Lactic Acid causes a drop in pH, the milk proteins
clump together (coagulate) & the semi-solid Yoghurt
forms
Diffusion
The net movements of molecules from an area of
HIGH CONCENTRATION
to an area of
LOW CONCENTRATION
along a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
Osmosis
The net movements of molecules from an area of
HIGH CONCENTRATION
to an area of
LOW CONCENTRATION
Through a SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
Examples of Diffusion
In humans:
Gas Exchange in the lungs during breathing
Oxygen passes from the lungs to the blood
Carbon Dioxide from the blood to the lungs
Osmosis: Solutions
HYPERTONIC: High Solute/Low Water (water moves IN)
ISOTONIC: Balanced to the cell contents (no movement)
HYPERTONIC: Low Solute/High Water (water moves OUT)
OSMOSIS – Effects on Cells;
Animals
Shrink
No change
Burst
Solutions
Plants
Hypertonic
Flaccid
Isotonic
No change
Hypotonic
Turgid