Transcript week 1_overview of biotechnology

Overview of Biotechnology
Week 1&2 (12&19 Sept 2013)
Mdm Khadijah Hanim Abdul
Rahman
School of Bioprocess Engineering,
UniMAP
[email protected]
Course Outcomes (C0s):
• Ability to explain foundations of modern biotechnology.
• Ability to demonstrate important recent advances in
methods and applications of biotechnology with regards
to microorganisms and plants.
• Ability to differentiate scopes and importance of various
biotechnological streams.
• Ability to demonstrate understanding on ethical
implications of biotechnology.
Evaluation
• Peperiksaan/ Examination: 60%
• Mid-term Examination 1
= 10%
• Mid-term Examination 2
= 10%
• Final Examination
= 40%
•
• (ii) Kerja kursus/course work: 40%
•
• Assignments & Quizzes = 40%
(Quizzes may be given without prior notice)
List of text books and references :
• Text Book:
William J.T. and Michael A.P. (2009).
Introduction to Biotechnology. 2nd Edition.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
• References Books:
• 1). Susan R. Barnum. (2005). Biotechnology an introduction. 2nd edition.
Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publication.
• 2). Acquaah, G. (2004). Understanding Biotechnology. Pearson. Prentice
Hall.
• 3). Bougaize, D., Jewell, T.R. and Buiser, R.G. (2000). Biotechnology;
Demystifying the Concept. Benjamin-Cummings Publication
• 4). Rene Fester Kratz PhD, Donna Rae Siegfried. (2010). Biology
For Dummies. Second Edition.
• 5). R.C. Sobti and Suparna S. Pachauri (2009). Essential of biotechnology.
CRC press, US.
Minggu/Week
Week 1-2
(9 Sept- 22 Sept)
Week 3-5
(23 Sept- 13 Oct)
Week 6 (14 Oct-20 Oct)
Kandungan Kursus / Course Contents
(Panduan/Guidelines)
An Overview of Biotechnology
Define biotechnology and describe the classical biotechnology and the foundations of new
biotechnology. Express the importance and commercial potential of biotechnology.
Techniques in Biotechnology
Demonstrate the basic principles of Recombinant DNA Technology and illustrate other methods used in
biotechnological field, to include tissue culture, electrophoresis, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and
biosensor.
Pensyarah/Lecturer
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Cuti Pertengahan Semester/ Mid-term Break
Week 7-8
(21 Oct- 3 Nov)
Biotechnology and Industry
Illustrate scopes of industrial biotechnology and examine commercial production of microorganisms and
product from microorganisms.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 9
(4 Nov-10 Nov)
Biotechnology and Medicine
Illustrate scopes of medical biotechnology and examine gene transfer methods, gene therapy and
Human Genome Project (HGP) and applications.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 10
(11 Nov- 17 Nov)
Week11-12
(18 Nov- 1 Dec)
Week 13
(2 Dec- 8 Dec)
Biotechnology and Environment
Illustrate scopes of environmental biotechnology and examine methods and application of microbial in
bioremediation and wastewater treatments.
Biotechnology and Agriculture
Illustrate scopes of plant biotechnology and methods of tissue culture used in biotechnology. Differentiate
products produced through application of plant genetic engineering methods in crop improvement,
herbicides resistance and insect resistance.
Recent Advances in Biotechnology
Demonstrate new development and findings in various fields of biotechnology.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 14-15
(9 Dec-22 Dec)
Patents and Ethical Issues
Describe the concept of patents. Illustrate public concerns and risk associated with genetic engineering,
ethical, legal and social implications of biotechnology.
Week 16
(23 Dec-29 Dec)
Minggu Ulangkaji/ Study Week
-
Week 17 – 19
(30 Dec-10 Jan)
Final Examination
-
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
What is Biotechnology?
Vaccine/
use
antibiotics
Received tissue grown
from embryonic stem
cells/ see n a ‘knocked
out’ mouse/using
insulin to treat
diabetes
Have you
ever?
Make a
bread
Yogurt drink/cheese/tempeh
Definitions
Using living organisms
or product of living
organisms for
human/surrounding
benefits
Biotechnology
To make
products or
to solve
problems
Is biotechnology a new science?
• Gene cloning/ genetic manipulation – modern
day techniques; BUT
• Many applications represent old practices with
new methodologies.
• Microorganisms have been used in fermentation
of bread, cheeses, yogurts, alcoholic beverages.
Fermentation
alcohol
Bread
• During fermentation- yeast decompose sugar
to derive energy
• Produce ethanol as waste
• Yeast is added to make dough rise
• Yeast ferments sugar releasing CO2 – dough
rise and creates holes
• Alcohol produced- evaporated when baked
Yeast for baking, wine & beers
Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BC
Ancient Egyptians diet included bread & beer
Chinese use of fermentation
using beneficial bacteria to flavor and preserve food.
Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina algae.
5000 year old bread
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry
/Chem101/alcohol/alcohol.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/brea
d.htm
Selective breeding
• To improve production of crops
and livestock = food
• Organisms with desirable features
are purposely mated to produce
offspring with the same desirable
traits.
• Choosing organisms with useful
genes and taking advantage of
their genetic potential for human
benefit.
Antibiotics
• Alexander Fleming
discovered Penicillium
mold inhibit the growth of
bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus (causes skin
disease).
• Use to treat bacterial
infections in humans.
Birth of modern biotechnology
• Since 1960s, rapid development and
understanding in genetics and molecular biology
– led to new applications and innovations in
biotechnology.
• Gene cloning- ability to identify and reproduce
gene of interest
• Genetic engineering- manipulating the DNA of
an organism – recombinant DNA technology.
Biotechnology: A science of many
disciplines
Summary of interdisciplinary nature in
biotechnology
Basic science:
- Biology
- Microbiology
etc
E.g: Identify
potential
genes or gene
products in
bacteria for
treating
disease
Biochemistry
Molecular
biology
genetics
To better
understand
the role of
these genes
Immunology
Human,
animal/plant
physiology
Drug testing
production
• Chemical
engineering
• physics
Computer
science
Statistics
mathematics
• To study the
DNA and
protein data
• Gather
information
DNA FINGER PRINTING
CRIMINIAL PROFILING
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
Forensic
CHEESE
BEER
WINE
BREAD
YOGHURT
Human Genome Project
Functional genomics
PROTEOMICS
CANCER RESEARCH
GENE THERAPY
THERAPEUTIC CLONING
STEM CELLS
Restriction enzymology
Cloning
Microarrays/GENE CHIP
Genomics
HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEM
VACCINES
ANTIBODIES
Medical
Biotech
Recombinant
DNA
Fermentation
Immunology
Breeding
Modern
Biotech
Classical
Biotech
ANIMAL HUSBUNDARY
CROP IMPROVEMENT
HIGHER YEILD
HIGHER RESISTANCE
technology
Microbial
Biotech
Marine
Biotech
FISH BIOTECH
NATURAL BIOPRODUCTS
Animal
Biotech
FOOD BIOTECH
ENZYMOLOGY
ANTIBIOTICS
FUELS
BIOPOLYMERS
AGRICULTURE
BIOREMEDIATION
Plant
Biotech
TISSUE CULTURE
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
MEDICIANL
TRANSGENICS
AGRICULTURE
Historical development of
Biotechnology
Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to manipulate
genetic composition of useful species.
Domestication of animals and
cultivation of plants
Artificial selection of genetic variation
or selective breeding
Evidence since 8000-1000BC
Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms, dogs,
horses, camels ,oxens
Herbs for medicine
ancient vaccines
Cumin seeds have a
distinctive bitter flavor and
strong, warm aroma due to
their abundant essential oil
content. Their smell can also
be detected in the eater's
sweat even after consuming
only small amounts. It is
used as an ingredient of curry
powder. In herbal medicine,
cumin is classified as
stimulant, carminative, and
antimicrobial
Saffron- stigmas of the flower
Crocus sativus
Tumeric
And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola) virus to prevent
further infection
1850-1900
birth of modern genetics
Charles Darwin
Origin of species
1850
Natural selection. How does the
1859
variation that drives evolution get
transmitted? If Darwin had considered
Mendel's work he would have an available
answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's paper
but was unread (unopened).
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries &
Tschermak
Rediscovery of Mendel’s work.
Beginning of modern genetics
1900
Gregor Mendel
Principles of Inheritance
in pea plants
1866Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900?
1900
Gregor Johann Mendel
father of classical genetics
Heinzendorf Central Europe
Augustinian monk
1856
Developed the theory of inheritance
Demonstrated with statistical data from crossing Pisum sativum
Suggested that every cell contained pairs of ‘factors’ and that each pair
determine specific traits (law of segregation)
Unappreciated (due to lack of understanding in cell structure and cell
division), but rediscovered 1900
Experiments in plant hybridization
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Chromosomes discovered in early 20th century
Epigenetic interpretation was further established
Inherited traits are controlled by genes
They reside in chromosomes
These traits are faithfully transmitted through
gametes (reproductive cell) to future individuals
in the next generation
Thomas Hunt Morgan
1900-1950
Barbara McClintock
Jumping genes
Colour variation
in Maize
Transposable
elements
& Wilson
cellStevens
biology,
chromosomes,
chr
theSex
search
for genetic material
XX: female XY: male
1902
Thomas H Morgan
Chr theory of inheritance
X linked inheritance
Fly lab (Sturtevant)
Linkage analysis
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty
Purified the transforming
principle found to be DNA
1910
1900
1908
Archibald Garrod
Inborn errors of metabolism
‘one mutant gene-one
metabolic block’
Due to lack of specific
enzyme (albinism &
alkaptonuria)
NB Nucleic acid was 1st
discovered 1869 by
Friedrich Miescher
obtained from pus
1944
1919 term biotechnology
used fro the 1st time
Karl Ereky
1950
1945
Max Delbruck
Bacteriophages
1st antibiotic
Penicillin discovered by
Alexander Fleming
Howard Florey
1928
Erwin Chargaff
A:T, G:C ratio
1950-1980
Francis Crick &
James Watson
Solved double helix
structure of DNA
The code breakers
Paul Berg & Herb Boyer
1st recombinant DNA
molecules
Rosalind Franklin
X-ray diffraction
photos of DNA
1953
1951
Smith & Wilcox
1st restriction enzyme
Hind III
1972
1970
1960
1950
1952
Martha Chase &
Alfred Hershey
Proof that DNA is
Molecule of heredity
Fred Sanger
DNA sequencing
1977
1980
1970
Monolconal antibody
1975 Kohler and
Milstein.
Boyer
Human Insulin from bacteria
1978 Genentech
The dawn of biotechnology
1960s-1980s
• 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally discovered that
Parkinson's disease - development of L-Dopa as a
therapeutic agent while working in Toronto.
• 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by Toronto
researchers
• 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that fusing
cells can generate monoclonal antibodies.
• • 1982 First genetically engineered product - human
insulin produced by Eli Lilly and Company using E. coli
bacteria - is approved for use by diabetics.
1980-2000
Automated DNA
Sequencing machine 1986
Caltech & ABI
Announcement of
HGP completion
Collins & Venter
Huntington's disease
Linked to marker
Gusella
Gene therapy Breast cancer gene
Bcl-1, Bcl-2
trial
Obesity gene
Apoptosis gene etc
identified
Alec Jeffreys
DNA fingerprinting
1984
1980
1987
1985
Olson, YAC
1989
1990
1994
GM corn,
FlavrSavr
tomatoes
Kary Mullis
PCR
Francis Collins
Lap Chee Tsui
Identified gene CFTR
(cystic fibrosis)
Check timeline
Human Genome project
Embryonic
stem cells
1998
1997
Wilmut
Clones
Dolly
2000
2000-2010
1986
Announcement of
HGP completion
Collins & Venter
Rice genome seq-2002
Personalised
medicine
Preimplantation genetics
Personal genome
Sequencing
$1000
Breast cancer gene
Bcl-1, Bcl-2
Obesity gene
Apoptosis gene etc
identified
2010
2005
2000
Glofish
2003
GM zebrafish
Francis Collins
Lap Chee Tsui
Identified gene CFTR
(cystic fibrosis)
Check timeline
Human Genome project
Gene Chip
Gene control of
development
in Drosophila
Products of modern biotechnology
• Currently- product related to human health
• Pharmaceutical products: drugs, vaccines and
diagnostic kits
• 1st biotechnology product: in 1982,Genentech:
recombinant insulin for diabetes.
• Many products created by gene cloning:
recombinant protein.
• Future trends: gene therapy (treat and cure
human disease)
Production of recombinant protein
Types of biotechnology
Microbial
Agricultural
animal
Forensic
Bioremediation
Aquatic
medical
regulatory
Microbial Biotechnology
• Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of
microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria
▫ Create better enzymes
▫ More efficient decontamination processes for
industrial waste product removal
▫ Used to clone and produce large amounts of
important proteins used in human medicine
Aspergillus niger
Saccharomyces cerevisae
Agriculture
• Agricultural Biotechnology
▫ Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants,
drought resistance, cold-tolerant.
▫ Foods with higher protein or vitamin content
▫ Drugs developed and grown as plant productsmolecular pharming (tobacco is a non food cropto produce recombinant proteins in their leaves)
Animal
• Animal Biotechnology
▫ Animals as a source of medically valuable
proteins
 Antibodies (treatment for patients with immunity
disorder)
 Transgenic animal: secreted therapeutic proteins
in their milk. Produced in large scale.
▫ Animals as important models in basic research
 Gene “knockout” experiments ( 1 or more genes are
disrupted- to study the function of a gene)
 Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies
▫ Animal cloning
 Source of transplant organs
1. Cloning requires an egg cell, and an
adult donor cell. The (unwanted)
chromosomes are removed from the
egg cell and discarded. The nucleus,
containing the DNA to be cloned, is
removed from the donor cell.
2. The donor nucleus is inserted into
the empty egg cell, a process called
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Afterwards the egg contains a full
(adult) set of chromosomes as if it
had been fertilised normally.
3. A pulse of electricity, or a chemical
'shock', kick-starts the development
process, and the embryo begins to
grow.
4. Cell division begins. The
subsequent development of the
embryo depends upon how
successfully the donor nucleus has
're-programmed' the egg.
Forensic
• Forensic Biotechnology
▫ DNA fingerprinting- method for detecting an
organism’s unique DNA pattern
 Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion
based on DNA evidence
 Paternity cases
 Identification of human remains
 Endangered species
 Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
ie E. coli, AIDS, meningitis etc.
Bioremediation
• Bioremediation
▫ The use of biotechnology to process and degrade
a variety of natural and manmade substances
 Particularly those that contribute to pollution
▫ For example, bacteria that degrade components
in crude oil
 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
Aquatic
• Aquatic Biotechnology
▫ Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions
for use as food sources
 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide
▫ Genetic engineering
 Disease-resistant strains of oysters
 Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and
other finfish
▫ Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic
processes with important applications for
human benefits
 Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of
antitumor and anticancer molecules
Medical
• Medical Biotechnology
▫ Involved with the whole spectrum of human
medicine
 Preventive medicine
 Diagnosis of health and illness
 Treatment of human diseases
▫ New information from Human Genome Project
 Gene therapy
▫ Stem cell technologies
Medical
• Medical Biotechnology
Regulatory
• Regulatory Biotechnology
▫ Quality Assurance (QA)
 All activities involved in regulating the final quality
of
a product
▫ Quality Control (QC)
 Part of QA process that involves lab testing and
monitoring of processes and applications to ensure
consistent product standards
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
• How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?
▫ Human Genome Project
 Research on the function of human genes
and controlling factors that regulate genes
▫ Human proteome
 Collection of proteins responsible for
activity in a human cell
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
• How will medical biotechnology change our lives
in the years ahead?
▫ Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
 Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA
sequences that vary from individual to individual
 These variations influence how we respond to stress
and disease and are the cause of genetic diseases
 Arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and
behavioral and emotional illnesses
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
• How will medical biotechnology change our lives
in the years ahead?
▫ Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine
 Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment
strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient
▫ Metabolomics
 A snapshot of the small molecules produced during
cellular metabolism
 Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
• How will medical biotechnology change our lives
in the years ahead?
▫ Nanotechnology
 Applications that incorporate extremely small
devices
 Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
• How will medical biotechnology change our lives
in the years ahead?
▫ Regenerative medicine
 Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat
genetic disease conditions
The Biotechnology Workforce
• Biotechnology is a global industry
▫ Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide
revenues
▫ $40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the
United
States
The Biotechnology Workforce
• Jobs in Biotechnology
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
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Research and development
Operations, biomanufacturing and production
Bioinformatics
Quality assurance and quality control
Clinical research and regulatory affairs
Marketing, sales, finance, legal
The Biotechnology Workforce