Transcript Dichotomous key

Classifying Organisms
Biology 8(B)
Kingdom Stations
We’ll have 8 groups total:
1. Print slides 7-12 and place one slide on each table (6
groups)
2. Have one station for dichotomous keys (provide slide
17 for reference) Alien Invasion? Plant Dichotomous Key?
3. Have one station for cladogram review (provide slides
14-16 for reference) Plant cladogram questions?
On day 2, use slides 25-27 to review the kingdoms and 18-22
to review dichotomous keys
Classifying Organisms
Taxonomy – the science of classifying organisms
Taxonomists use a seven level classification system
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Classifying Organisms
Comparing the classification of a domestic housecat and a
mountain lion:
Mountain Lion
Domestic Cat
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Felidae
Genus
Felis
Felis
Specific name
concolor
domesticus
Classifying Organisms
Comparing the classification of the wolf and a polar bear:
Wolf
Polar Bear
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Family
Canidae
Urisdae
Genus
Canis
Ursus
Specific name
lupis
maritimus
Taxonomic Groups
All living organisms are grouped into one of a few major
categories.
• Most widely accepted classification system used by
taxonomists groups organisms into six major groups or
kingdoms
–
–
–
–
–
–
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Taxonomic Groups
Group
(Kingdom)
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Major Characteristics
Examples
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme
environments, unicellular, autotrophs or
heterotrophs
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Methane-producing archaea,
thermophiles
E. coli, salmonella
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular,
Algae, paramecia, euglena,
autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, diatoms
many are microscopic
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls,
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls
composed of cellulose, photosynthetic,
autotrophs
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most
are motile
Ferns, mosses, conifers,
flowering plants
Mammals, birds, insects, worms,
sponges
Cladograms
Clade – group of related organisms
Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary
descent
C
B
A
Properties of cladogram
• Each split represents appearance
of new trait(s)
• Related organisms are closer together
new trait(s)
new trait(s)
Cladograms
Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary
descent
What can be determined from this cladogram?
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers New world Old world Apes
• Primates share
Monkeys Monkeys
common ancestor
• Humans more closely
related to apes than to
monkeys
• Lemurs lack traits
common to monkeys
Humans
Cladograms
Cladogram of a group of animals
Tuataras
Lizards
Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
What can be determined from this cladogram?
• Tuataras are not lizards
• Birds share common ancestor with reptiles
• Snakes are more closely related to lizards than crocodiles
Image modified from Benchill [GNU]
Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms
• Also called classification key
• Helps user observe similarities and differences among
organisms
• Each step presents a level of identification
– Only one of the statements in a step can be true about a single
organism
Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
Image by Shellnut
(Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
Go to 2
Go to 5
2a Outside surface smooth
2b Outside surface rigid
Go to 3
Go to 4
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
5a Holes along shell margin
5b No holes along shell margin
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
Image by Hans Hillewaert
(Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
Go to 2
Go to 5
2a Outside surface smooth
2b Outside surface rigid
Go to 3
Go to 4
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
5a Holes along shell margin
5b No holes along shell margin
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
Go to 2
Go to 5
2a Outside surface smooth
2b Outside surface rigid
Go to 3
Go to 4
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
5a Holes along shell margin
5b No holes along shell margin
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a
vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
Image by Dario Sanches
(Own Work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0]
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
Fish
Go to 3
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
Reptile
Go to 4
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
Bird
Go to 5
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Mammal
Amphibian
Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a
vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
Fish
Go to 3
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
Reptile
Go to 4
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
Bird
Go to 5
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Mammal
Amphibian
Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a
vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
Fish
Go to 3
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
Reptile
Go to 4
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
Bird
Go to 5
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Mammal
Amphibian
Classifying Organisms
Learning Objectives
• Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification
system based on similarities and differences shared among
groups
– Using characteristics of major groups
– Using dichotomous keys
Mystery Organism!
A new organism is discovered by a microbiologist. The organism is
unicellular, lacks chloroplasts, and has no cell wall. Into which of the
six kingdoms should this organism be placed?
Group
(Kingdom)
Archaea
Major Characteristics
Examples
Bacteria
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Protista
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or
Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms
heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic
Fungi
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs
nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed
of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs
Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering
plants
Animalia
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile
Mammals, birds, insects, worms,
sponges
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, Methane-producing archaea,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
thermophiles
E. coli, salmonella
Mystery Organism!
An organism is found growing on your bathroom wall. It is
multicellular, and does not appear to be moving. What kingdom do you
think it belongs in?
Group
(Kingdom)
Archaea
Major Characteristics
Examples
Bacteria
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Protista
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or
Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms
heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic
Fungi
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs
nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed
of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs
Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering
plants
Animalia
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile
Mammals, birds, insects, worms,
sponges
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, Methane-producing archaea,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
thermophiles
E. coli, salmonella
Mystery Organism!
Rana pipiens is an organism about the size of your hand. Its cells are
eukaryotic and it eats other members of its own kingdom. It is an
excellent swimmer. What kingdom does Rana pipiens belong in?
Group
(Kingdom)
Archaea
Major Characteristics
Examples
Bacteria
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Protista
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or
Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms
heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic
Fungi
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs
nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed
of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs
Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering
plants
Animalia
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile
Mammals, birds, insects, worms,
sponges
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, Methane-producing archaea,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
thermophiles
E. coli, salmonella