Transcript Immune System & Disease

IMMUNE SYSTEM &
DISEASE
A Brief Introduction
What Is Your Immune System?
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AAAACHHOOO!! Your
friend has a terrible
cold, and he sneezes
right next to you without
covering his mouth.
Not only is this gross, it
sprays millions of cold
viruses into the air
around you.
Luckily, you don’t get
sick. Why not?
Your Immune System
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Our bodies have an
amazing internal defence
mechanism called the
__________
___________ which
protects you from bacteria
and viruses that can lead
to illness.
A healthy immune system
produces a variety of
___________ _______ to
attack the invading
bacteria and viruses
Your Immune System
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Your blood contains many
different types of ______
______ blood cells carry
________ to all the parts
of your body
________ blood cells,
known as ____________
(________________),
make up the immune
system portion of the
blood.
Your Clever Immune System
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How does your immune system know which cells to
attack and which cells are part of your own body?
Your immune system can recognize cells based on
the ________ present on the surface of ______.
Viruses, bacteria, and other foreign cells are
recognized as being different from your own cells
and are _________ by your immune system.
However.....
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Sometimes, one of your own cells changes, or
_________, giving the cell the ability to _________
continuously.
Such mutations often are the cause of ______
Your immune system has the ability to recognize
mutated cells and attack them before they can
grow into a tumor.
But It’s Not Foolproof....
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Not only can certain viruses outwit your immune
system's defences, but __________ _____________
can result in an ineffective immune system.
If enough cells are _________, the immune system
no longer functions and the person becomes
susceptible to many different diseases.
Disease
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Illness or sickness often characterized by typical
patient problems (________) and physical findings
(______).
Diabetes, cancer, genetic diseases, immune system
diseases, etc.
Antibiotics
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Antibiotics inhibit and prevent the ________ of
bacteria
Antibiotics DO NOT affect viruses, fungi or other
microbes
Antibiotics
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Antibiotics that destroy bacteria are termed
______________ (“bacteria killing”)
Antibiotics that prevent bacteria from multiplying
are termed ____________ (“bacterial inhibiting”)
Type of __________ dictates what type to use!
Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
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Prevent ______ _______formation during cell
division of gram positive bacteria
___________ destroys the bacterial cell wall
making the bacterium very susceptible to
___________.
Erythromycin and tetracycline disrupts bacterial
_______ ___________ by binding to their
ribosomes and inhibiting translocation
Antibiotics
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Once, there were only natural products:
a) Penicillin came from the ________ genus
Penicillium
b) Streptomycin came from the ________ genus
Streptomyces
Antibiotics
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Now, many can be _____________ ____________
with all the advances in organic chemistry
Example: sulfa drugs were the first synthetic drugs
with widespread antibiotic activity to be put into
clinical use in the 1930s
Antibiotics
_____ antibiotics are
ingested
e.g.- For strep throat, urinary
tract infection
 ___________ antibiotics
are used in more serious
cases
e.g.- For deep infections of
body systems like infection
after surgery, sepsis, flesh
eating disease (necrotizing
fasciitis)
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Antibiotics
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__________
antibiotics are placed
on the skin
Eye drops for pink eye
or ointment for a skin
infection
Antibiotic Resistance
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Occurs when bacteria in your body change so that
antibiotics don't work effectively to fight them anymore
Can happen when bacteria are repeatedly exposed to
the same _____________ or when bacteria are left in
your body after you have been taking an antibiotic
(such as when someone does not take the full course of
their antibiotic medicine)
These bacteria can multiply and become strong enough
to _______ the antibiotic in the future.
Interesting to Know...
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Links have also been made between giving drugs to
animals and the development of resistance in
_________
Drugs are often given to ________________ animals to
treat and prevent infections in the agri-food industry
and to promote growth
In the U.S., _______ of antibiotic use is in farm animals
in the absence of disease!!
There are many organizations and 2 federal U.S. Bills
which are trying to _______ antibiotic use in food
animal production
Farm Animals & Antibiotic Resistance
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Products are also sprayed on _____ _______ to
prevent or control disease
These can then be transferred to ________ in meat,
milk, fruit or drinking water, adding to the resistance
problem
An example of this is drug-resistant ____________,
which can be transferred from animals to humans
through the food chain
Antibiotic Resistance
The Result?
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Misuse and resistance causes low cost antibiotics to be
_________ - meaning we must use more expensive and
newer compounds
The fear is that eventually we will not be able to keep
up with the race to create new antibiotics for
__________ infections
Is research into ________________ for use as
antibiotics; appear to be several types of
bacteriophages that are specific for each bacterial
taxonomic group species