Transcript Classification - WHS-Biology-CP

Classification
College Biology, Ch. 15
Taxonomy
• Used by scientist to classify organisms
• Assigns each organism a universal
name
• Binomial Nomenclature
– 2 part scientific name
Carolus Linnaeus
• Father of Taxonomy
• Systema Naturae (1758)
– 7 level hierarchical system
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Kingdom (Plantae & Animalia)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Classification of Humans
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Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- sapiens
Phylogeny
• Evolutionary relationship among
organisms (Darwin’s descent with
modification)
• Grouped into categories that represent
evolutionary descent not just physical
similarities
Cladistic analysis
• Identifies and considers only those
characteristics of organisms that are
evolutionary innovations
• Cladogram
– Diagram that shows relationships among
a group of organisms
– Helpful to show one lineage branching
from another
DNA & RNA & clocks
• Similarities at the molecular level
(DNA) can be used for classification
and evolutionary relationships
• Molecular clocks use DNA to estimate
the length of time that 2 species have
been evolving independently
Robert Wittaker
• Restructured Linnaeus’s system
• 5 kingdoms
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Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
System since 1990
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Eubacteria (Monera)
Archaebacteria (Monera)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
3-Domain System
• Eukarya
– Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic
– Protists, fungi, plants & animals
• Bacteria
– Unicellular, prokaryotic, thick rigid cell walls
around membrane, peptidoglycan
– Eubacteria
• Archaea
– Unicellular, prokaryotic, harsh environments,
survive only in absence of oxygen
– Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
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Prokaryotes
• Singled celled organisms
• Heterotroph or Autotroph
• Bacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Prokaryotes
Singled celled organisms
Heterotroph or Autotroph
Doesn’t contain peptidoglycan
extremophiles
Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotes
• Single celled organisms mostly, some
colonial and some multicellular
• Heterotroph or Autotroph
• Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena
Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryotes
• Multi-cellular organisms mostly, some
unicellular
• Heterotrophs
– decomposers
• Cell wall contains chiton
• Mushrooms, yeast
Kingdom Plantae
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Eukaryotes
Multi-cellular organisms
Autotrophs
Cell wall contains cellulose
Tulips, Oak trees, ferns, Blackberry
bushes
Kingdom Animalia
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Eukaryotes
Multi-cellular organisms
Heterotrophs
No cell walls
Birds, worm, sponges, reptiles,
amphibians, humans