Taxonomy revised 2010
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Transcript Taxonomy revised 2010
Classification/Taxonomy
Chapter 17
Why Classify?
To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms &
group them in a logical manner.
Taxonomy
Discipline of classifying
organisms and assigning each
organism a universally
accepted name.
Defined:
In other words, naming things.
Why common names don’t work
Common names vary among languages.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Honey Buzzard
Turkey Vulture
Another Example:
Dolphin
Dolphin
Tursipos truncatus
Mahi mahi
Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of
organization is called a taxonomic category
or taxon.
Binomial Nomenclature
“Bi” means 2
“nomial” means naming
Nomenclature means “the system of”
Defined:
In binomial nomenclature, each
species is assigned a two-part
scientific name. (Genus & species)
Example of Binomial Nomenclature
Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus
Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears
maritimus: species
The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
Definitions to know
Genus: is a group of closely related species
Species: Group of similar organisms that can
breed and produce fertile offspring
Family:
Group of genera that share many
characteristics
Order:
Group of similar families
Class:
Group of similar orders
Phylum:
Group of closely related classes
Kingdom:
Largest taxonomic group,
consisting of closely related
Here We Go…
Polar Bear
Species: maritimus
Genus: Ursus
Family: Ursidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animilia
Domain: Eukarya
What do these mean?...lets see
What they mean
Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)
Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)
How to remember:
Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus
Ursus
Species
maritimus
The Three-Domain System
There are 3 Domains:
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria
4. Fungi
2. Archaebacteria
5. Plantae
3. Protista
6. Animalia
The Three-Domain System
There are 3 Domains:
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular/Prokaryotes
Cell walls have Peptidoglycan
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular/Prokaryotes
Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Domain Eukarya
Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
-
Unicellular Prokaryote
Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Extremophiles – Love extreme environments
like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs
Archaea
Hydrothermal Vent
Hot Spring
Volcano
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
-
Unicellular Prokaryote
Cell walls with Peptidoglycan
All other bacteria you encounter everyday
E. coli
Staphlycoccus
Streptococcus
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
-
Video Clip: Amoeba
Unicellular or Multicellular
Live in colonies
Amoeba
Euglena
Paramecium
3 Categories of Protista
1.
Plant-like
1.
2.
2.
Animal-like
1.
2.
3.
Example: Algae
Perform photosynthesis (autotrophs)
Example: Amoeba
Can cause disease (malaria, sleeping
sickness)
Fungus-like
1.
Example: Slime molds
Plant-like Protists
Algae
Euglena
Live
in shallow water
Photosynthetic (autotrophic)
Can also be heterotrophic when
light not available
Absorb
nutrients
Ingest other organisms
Animal-like Protists
Also
called Protozoans
4 Types
1.
Ciliates (Example: Paramecium)
2.
Sarcodina (Example: Amoeba)
Zooflagellates
Sporozoans
3.
4.
Slime Mold
Domain Eukarya
-
Kingdom Fungi
Unicellular or Multicellular
Cell walls made of Chitin
Heterotrophs….they eat!
Yeast
Mushrooms
Domain Eukarya
-
Kingdom Fungi
Can reproduce sexually & asexually
-
-
Usually reproduce asexually
Yeast reproduce asexually by budding
However, under unfavorable conditions
(such as drought) fungi reproduce sexually
Kingdom Fungi
•Hyphae
•Thread-like structures which form all parts of the
fungus
•Main function is to help fungus obtain food – provide
large surface area for absorption of nutrients
Domain Eukarya
-
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular
Cell walls made of Cellulose
Autotrophs….make their own food
Trees & Grass
Moss
Venus Fly Trap
Domain Eukarya
-
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
NO cell walls
Heterotrophs….they eat
Worms
Insects
Jellyfish
Giraffes
6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Most
common
bacteria
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
“Ancient Bacteria”
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph/ Heterotroph
heterotroph
Includes
Algae
Cell wall w/
Peptidoglycan
Live in very
hot places
Don’t
belong in
other euk
E. ecoli
Pyrococcus furiosus
Paramecium
Release
enzymes
to digest
food
Cell walls
w/cellulose
&
Chloroplasts
H. coccinea
Fern frod
No cell wall
No
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Homo sapiens
Write Scientific Names Correctly
Genus species
Genus capitalized
Species lower case
Underline if hand written
Italics if typed
Homo sapiens
Genus
species
Canis lupis
Hippocampus erectus
Scientific Name: Genus species
If these three species belong to the same
genus, they are descended from a common
ancestor.
Felis domestica
domestica
Felis
Domestic
Cat
Felis leo
leo
Lion
Felis margarita
margarita
Sand cat`
A Problem with Traditional Classification
Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
•
The barnacle and the limpet have similarly
shaped shells & look alike
•
The crab has a very different body form
•
Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could
be classified together and the crab in a different
group.
Related
This incorrect because
crabs and barnacles
are actually related
Draw this!
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Even though they do
not look a like, crabs &
barnacles are actually
related
Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Using Cladograms, you can
see that crabs and barnacles
share similar characteristics
because they both molt & are
segmented
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
You can also see that
ALL have a free
swimming larva stage
The End.